职称英语强化班_补全短文讲义？ 大家论坛_2012新东方职称英语强化班 前 言 l 职称英语等级考试介绍 全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试是由国家人力资源和社会保障部专业技术人员管理司组织实施的一项外语考试，它根据英语在不同专业领域活动的应用特点，结合专业技术人员掌握和应用英语的实际情况，对申报不同级别职称的专业技术人员的英语水平提出了不同的要求。考试共分三个专业类别：综合类、理工类、卫生类。每个专业类别的考试各分 A 、 B 、 C 三个等级。 A 、 B 、 C 三个等级考试的总分各为 100 分，考试时间均为 2 小时。 每个等级的考试各由 6 个部分组成 ，每个级别的考试题型一样、题量相同，但不同级别考试总的阅读量及难易程度不同。考试主要考查应试者理解书面英语的能力。 1. 考试内容及试卷结构如下： 题型 材料内容 答题要求 题量 分值 第一部分 词汇选项 （四选一) 15个句子 给出15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，要求应试者从所给的4个选项中选择1个与划线部分意义最相近的词或短语。 15 15 第二部分 阅读判断 （三选一) 1篇短文 (300～450词. 给出7句话，要求应试者根据文章内容做出判断(正、误、没有直接或间接提到.。 7 7 第三部分 概括大意与 完成句子 (选择搭配). 1篇短文 (300～450词. 分两部分： 1．概括大意(6选4.； 2．完成句子(6选4.。 8 8 第四部分 阅读理解 (四选一) 3篇短文(各300～450词. 每篇短文后有5道题，每道题后面有4个选项，要求应试者从中选择1个最佳答案。 15 45 第五部分 补全短文 (选择搭配. 1篇短文 (300～450词. 短文中有5处空白，要求应试者通读短文并将移出的部分重新放回短文的相应位置(6选5.。 5 10 第六部分 完形填空 ( 四选一 ) 1 篇短文 (300 ～ 450 词 . 短文中有 15 处空白，每处空白给出 4 个选项，要求应试者从中选出 1 个最佳答案。 15 15 2. 考试要求学员： 级别 阅读任务量 词汇量 语法 阅读理解能力 A 3000 词左右阅读任务 6000 个左右的单词和一定数量的短语 1. 考试不直接对应试者所掌握的语法知识进行考查，但应试者必须掌握基本的语法知识，主要包括： 2. 英语句子的基本语序及其意义； 3. 英语句子的结构和常用句型； 4. 各种时、体的形式及其意义； 5. 各种从句的构成及其意义； 6. 句子中词语的所指、省略、替代、重复，以及句子之间的意义关系等。 1. 掌握所读材料的主旨和大意； 2. 了解阐述主旨的事实和细节； 3. 利用上下文猜测某些词汇和短语的意义； 4. 既理解个别句子的意义，也理解上下文之间的意义关系； 5. 根据所读材料进行判断和推论； 6. 领会作者的观点、意图和态度。 B 2600 词左右阅读任务 5000 个左右的单词和一定数量的短语 C 2200 词左右阅读任务 4000 个左右的单词和一定数量的短语 3. 职称英语考试词典的要求： 职称英语考试是闭卷考，但允许考生携带词典进入考场。关于词典，国家有明确的规定，以下词典不允许带入考场： （1） 有职称字样的词典不要带入考场； （2） 针对职称英语考试编写的词典不能带入考场； （3） 电子出版物，即电子词典不能带入考场。 其它的词典国家没有明确的规定。因此建议尽量选择具备同义词、收词量相对较大的词典。 提示：报名参加VIP保过班、豪华保过班的学员不要着急自购词典，我们会为您免费赠送纸质词典一本，通过快递方式邮寄。 l 讲义使用说明 强化班讲义的编写主要依据职称英语考试国家指定教材。授课老师会针对不同类别的文章内容进行全面系统的精讲，授课同时融合了老师对每个题型自己多年总结和积累的解题技巧和方法等，帮助学员在对教材中的重点文章有一个全面而深入了解的同时，提高综合分析和解题能力。通过强化班的学习，使学员对国家指定教材中的内容有一定的了解和记忆，且能在短时间内帮助学员得到综合阅读能力上的快速提高，为学员顺利通过考试、进行冲刺阶段的巩固学习打下坚实的基础。 目 录 第四部分 补全短文 阅读下面的短文，每一篇中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，请根据文章内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 What We Take from And Give to the Sea As long as we have been on earth, we have used the sea around us. We take from the ocean, and we give to it. We take fishes from the ocean - millions of kilograms, of fish, every year, to feed millions of people. _____(1)_____ We take minerals from the ocean. One way to get salt is to place seawater in a shallow basin and leave it until it evaporates. ____ (2)_____ Much gold and silver drift dissolved in the waters of the sea, too1. But the sea does not' give them up by simple evaporation. Other gifts from the sea are pearls, sponges and seaweed. Pearls become jewelry. ___(3)___ Seaweed becomes food of many kinds - even candy, and ice cream - as well as medicine. Believe it or not, fresh water is another gift from the sea. We cannot drink ocean water. ___ (4)___ But ocean water becomes fresh water. when the salts are removed. In the future, we will find ourselves depending more and more on fresh water from the sea. The Sea gives us food, fertilizer, minerals, water, and other gifts. What do we give the sea? Garbage. ___ (5)____ Huge as it is, the ocean cannot hold all the water that we pour into it. Dumping garbage into the ocean is killing off sea life2. Yet as the world population grows, we may need the sea and its gifts more than ever. We are finally learning that if we destroy our seas, we might also destroy ourselves. Hopefully, it is not too late. A. Natural sponges become cleaning aids. B. We pollute the ocean when we use it as a garbage dump. C. The area of the sea is becoming smaller and smaller. D. Along with salt, other minerals are left after evaporation. E. We even use their bones for fertilizer. F. Some of its contents may cause illness. Teamwork in Tourism Growing cooperation among branches of tourism has proved valuable to all concerned. ** bureaus, trade and travel associations, carriers and properties are all working together to bring about optimum conditions for travelers. _ (1) __. They have knowledge of all areas and all carrier services, and they are experts in organizing different types of tours and in preparing effective advertising campaigns. They distribute materials to agencies, such as journals, brochures and advertising projects. ___ (2) __. Tourist counselors give valuable seminars to acquaint agents with new programs and techniques in selling. __ (3) __ Properties and agencies work closely together to make the most suitable contracts, considering both the comfort of the clients and their own profitable financial arrangement. __ (4) ___ ___ (5) ___. Carriers are dependent upon agencies to supply passengers, and agencies are dependent upon carriers to present them with marketable tours. All services must work together for greater efficiency, fair pricing and contented customers. A. The same confidence exists between agencies and carriers, including car-rental and sigh-seeing services. B. They offer familiarization and workshop tours so that in a short time agents can obtain first-hand knowledge of the tours. C. Travel operators, specialists in the field of planning, sponsor extensive research programs. D. As a result of teamwork, tourism is flouring in all countries. E. Agencies rely upon the good services of hotels, and, conversely, hotels rely upon agencies, to fulfill their contracts and to send them clients. F. In this way agents learn to explain destinations and to suggest different modes and combinations of travel—planes, ships, trains, motorcoaches, car-rentals, and even car purchases. “Happy Birthday to You” The main problem in discussing American popular culture is also one of its main characteristics: it won’t stay American. No matter what it is, whether it is films, food and fashion, music, casual sports or slang, it’s soon at home elsewhere in the world. There are several theories why American popular culture has had this appeal. One theory is that it has been “advertised” and marketed through American films, popular music, and more recently, television. ____(1)____They are, after all, in competition with those produced by other countries. Another theory, probably a more common one, is that American popular culture is internationally associated with something called “the spirit of America.” ____(2)____ The final theory is less complex: American popular culture is popular because a lot of people in the world like it. Regardless of why it spread, American popular culture is usually quite rapidly adopted and then adapted in many other countries. ____(3)____ “Happy Birthday to You,” for instance, is such an everyday song that its source, its American copyright, so to speak, is not remembered. Black leather jackets worn by many heroes in American movies could be found, a generation later, on all those young men who wanted to make this manly-look their own. Two areas where this continuing process is most clearly seen are clothing and music. Some people can still remember a time when T-shirts, jogging clothes, tennis shoes, denim jackets, and blue jeans were not common daily wear everywhere. Only twenty years ago, it was possible to spot an American in Paris by his or her clothes. No longer so: those bring colors, checkered jackets and trousers, hats and socks which were once made fun of in cartoons are back again in Paris as the latest fashion. ____(4)____ The situation with American popular music is more complex because in the beginning, when it was still clearly American, it was often strongly resisted. Jazz was once thought to be a great danger to youth and their morals, and was actually outlawed in several countries. Today, while stills blowing its rather American roots, it has become so well established. Rock ‘n’ roll and its variations, country & western music, all have more or less similar histories. They were first resisted, often in America as well, as being “low-class,” and then as “a danger to our nation’s youth.” ____(5)____And then the music became accepted and was extended and developed, and exported back to the U.S. A As a result, its American origins and roots are often quickly forgotten. B But this theory fails to explain why American films, music, and television programs are so popular in themselves. C American in origin, informal clothing has become the world’s first truly universal style. D The BBC, for example, banned rock and roll until 1962. E American food has become popular around the world too. F This spirit is variously described as being young and free, optimistic and confident, informal and disrespectful. The First Four Minutes When do people decide whether or not they want to become friends? During their first four minutes together, according to a book by Dr. Leonard Zunin. In his book, “Contact: The first four minutes”, he offers this advice to anyone interested in starting new friendships: “___ (1) ___. A lot of people’s whole lives would change if they did just that. ” You may have noticed that the average person does not give his undivided attention to someone he has just met. ___ (2) ___. If anyone has ever done this to you, you probably did not like him very much. When we are introduced to new people, the author suggests, we should try to appear friendly and self-confident. In general, he says, “People like people who like themselves.” On the other hand, we should not make the other person think we are too sure of ourselves. It is important to appear interested and sympathetic, realizing that the other person has his own needs, fears, and hopes. Hearing such advice, one might say, “But I’m not a friendly, self-confident person. That’s not my nature. It would be dishonest for me to that way. ” ___ (3) ___. We can become accustomed to any changes we choose to make in our personality. “It is like getting used to a new car. It may be unfamiliar at first, but it goes much better than the old one.” But isn’t it dishonest to give the appearance of friendly self-confidence when we don’t actually feel that way? Perhaps, but according to Dr. Zunin, “total honesty” is not always good for social relationships, especially during the first few minutes of contact. There is a time for everything, and a certain amount of play-acting may be best for the first few minutes of contact with a stranger. That is not the time to complain about one’s health or to mention faults one finds in other people. It is not the time to tell the whole truth about one’s opinions and impressions. ___ (4) ___. For a husband and wife or a parent and child, problems often arise during their first four minutes together after they have been apart. Dr. Zunin suggests that these first few minutes together be treated with care. If there are unpleasant matters to be discussed, they should be dealt with later. The author says that interpersonal relations should be taught as a required course in every school, along with reading, writing, and mathematics. ___ (5) ___. That is at least as important as how much we know. A. In reply. Dr. Zunin would claim that a little practice can help us feel comfortable about changing our social habits B. Much of what has been said about strangers also applies to relationships with family members and friends. C. In his opinion, success in life depends mainly on how we get along with other people. D. Every time you meet someone in a social situation, give him your undivided attention for four minutes. E. He keeps looking over the other person’s shoulder, as if hoping to find someone more interesting in another part of the room. F. He is eager to make friends with everyone. Financial Risks Several types of financial risk are encountered in international marketing; the major problems include commercial, political, and foreign exchange risk. ___ (1) ___. They include solvency, default, or refusal to pay bills. The major risk, however, is competition which can only be dealt with through consistently effective management and marketing. ___ (2) ___. Such risk is encountered when a controversy arises about the quality of goods delivered, a dispute over contract terms, or any other disagreement over which payment is withheld. One company, for example, shipped several hundred tons of dehydrated potatoes to a distributor in Germany. ___ (3) ___. The alternatives for the exporter were reducing the price, reselling the potatoes, or shipping them home again, each involving considerable cost. Political risk relates to the problems of war or revolution, currency inconvertibility, expropriation or expulsion, and restriction or cancellation of import licenses. ___ (4) ___. Management information systems and effective decision-making processes are the best defenses against political risk. As many companies have discovered, sometimes there is no way to avoid political risk, so marketers must be prepared to assume them or give up doing business in particular market. Exchange-rate fluctuations inevitably cause problems, but for many years, most firms could take protective action to minimize their unfavorable effects. ___ (5) ___. International Business Machine Corporation, for example, reported that exchange losses resulted in a dramatic 21. 6 percent drop in their earnings in the third quarter of 1981. Before rates were permitted to float, devaluations of major currencies were infrequent and usually could be anticipated, but exchange-rate fluctuations in the float system are daily affairs. A. Political risk is an environmental concern for all businesses. B. One unique risk encountered by the international marketer involves financial adjustments. C. Commercial risks are handled essentially as normal credit risks encountered in day-to-day business. D. The distributor tested the shipment and declared it to be below acceptable taste and texture standards. E. Floating exchange rates of the world’s major currencies have forced all marketers to be especially aware of exchange-rate fluctuations and the need to compensate for them in their financial planning. F. Many international marketers go bankrupt each year because of exchange-rate fluctuation. Mobile Phones Mobile phones should carry a label if they proved to be a dangerous source of radiation, according to Robert Bell, a scientist. And no more mobile phone transmitter towers should be build until the long-term health effects of the electromagnetic radiation they emit is scientifically evaluated, he said. “Nobody’s going to drop DEAD overnight but we should be asking for more scientific information, ”Robert Bell said at a conference on the health effects of low-level radiation. ___ (1) ___ A report widely circulated among the public says that up to now scientists do not really know enough to guarantee there are no ill effects on humans from electromagnetic radiation. According to Robert Bell, there are 3. 3 million mobile phones in Australia alone and they are increasing by 2, 000 a day. ___ (2) ___ As well, there are 2, 000 transmitter towers around Australia, many in high density residential areas. ___ (3) ___The electromagnetic radiation emitted from these towers may have already produced some harmful effects on the health of the residents nearby. Robert Bell suggests that until more research is completed the ** should ban construction of phone towers from within a 500 metre radius of school grounds, child care centres, hospitals, sports playing fields and residential areas with a high percentage of children. _____ (4) _____ He adds that there is also evidence that if cancer sufferers are subjected to electromagnetic waves the growth rate of the disease accelerates. _____ (5) _____ According to Robert Bell, it is reasonable for the major telephone companies to fund it. Besides, he also urges the ** to set up a wide ranging inquiry into possible health effects. A. He says there is emerging evidence that children absorb low-level radiation at a rate more than three times that of adults. B. By the year 2000 it is estimated that Australia will have 8 million mobile phones:. nearly one for every two people C. “If mobile phones are found to be dangerous, they should carry a warning label until proper shields can be devised,” he said. D. Then who finances the research? E. For example, Telstra, Optus and Vodaphone build their towers where it is geographically suitable to them and disregard the need of the community. F. The conclusion is that mobile phones brings more harm than benefit. The World’s Longest Bridge Rumor has it that a legendary six-headed monster lurks in the deep waters of the Tyrhenian Sea between Italy and the island of Sicily. ____(1)____ When completed in 2010. the world’s longest bridge will weight nearly 300,000 tons—equivalent to the iceberg that sank the Titanic—and stretch 5 kilmeters long. “That’s nearly 50 percent longer than any other bridge ever built,” says structural engineer Shane Rixon. ____(2)_ ___ They’re suspension bridges, massive structures built to span vast water channels or gorges. A suspension bridge needs just two towers to shoulder the structure’s mammoth weight, thanks to hefty supporting cables slung between the towers and anchored firmly in deep pools of cement at each end of the bridge. The Messina Strait Bridge will have two 54,100-ton towers, which will support most of the bridge’s load. The beefy cables of the bridge, each 1.2 meter in diameter, will hold up the longest and widest bridge deck ever built. When construction begins on the Messina Strait Bridge in 2005, the first job will be to erect two 370 meter-tall steel towers, ____(3)____ Getting these cables up will be something. It’s not just their length—totally 5.3 kilometers—but their weight. ____(4)____ After lowering vertical “suspender” cables from the main cables, builders will erect a 60 meter-wide 54,630-ton steel roadway, or deck—wide enough to accommodate 12 lanes of traffic. The deck’s weight will pull down on the cables with a force of 70,500 tons. In return, the cables yank up against their firmly rooted anchors with a force of 139,000 tons—equivalent to the weight of about 100,000 cars. Those anchors are essential. ___(5)____ A Some environmentalists are against the project on biological grounds. B What do the world’s longest bridges have in common? C If true, one day you might spy the beast while zipping (呼啸而过) across the Messina Strait Bridge. D They’re what will keep the bridge from going anywhere. E The second job will be to pull two sets of steel cables across the strait, each set being a bundle of 44,352 individual steel wires. F They will tip up the scales at 166,500 tons—more than half the bridge’s total mass. Obesity Causes Global Warming The list of ills attributable to obesity keeps growing: Last week, obese people were accused of causing global warming. This conclusion comes from Sheldon Jacobson of the University of Illinois, US, and a doctoral student, Laura McLay. Their study calculates how much extra gasoline is needed to haul fat Americans around. The answer, they say, is a billion gallons of gas per year. ______(1)______ There has been calls for taxes on junk food2 in recent years. _____(2)______ "We tax cigarettes partly because of their health cost," Schmidt said. "'Similarly, leading a lazy lifestyle will end up costing taxpayers more." US political scientist Erie Oliver said his first instinct was to laugh at these gas and fast food arguments. But such claims are getting attention. At the US Obesity Society's annual meeting, one person correlated obesity with car accident deaths, and another correlated obesity with suicides.____ (3)_____ "The funny thing was that everyone took it seriously," Oliver said. In a 1960s study, children were shown drawings of children with disabilities and without them, and a drawing of an obese child. They were asked which they would want for a friend?____(4)_______ Three researchers recently repeated the study using college students. Once again, almost no one, not even obese people, liked the obese person. "Obesity was stigmatized," the researchers said. But, researchers say, getting thin is not like quitting smoking. People struggle to stop smoking, and, in the end, many succeed. Obesity is different. But, not because obese people don't care. ___(5)____ Genes also play a part. A A meager diet may keep you thin. B It means an extra 11 million tons of carbon dioxide1. C The obese child was picked last. D US economist Martin Schmidt suggests a tax on fast food delivered to people's cars. E Science has shown that they have limited personal control over their weight. F No one asked whether there was really a cause-and-effect relationship3. The Value of Motherhood In shopping malls, the assistants try to push you into buying " a gift to thank her for her unselfish love". When you log onto1 a Website, a small pop-up2 invites you to book a bouquet for her. Commercial warmth and gratitude are the atmosphere being spread around for this special Sunday in May. __(1)___ The popularity of Mother's Day around the world suggests that Jarvis got all she wanted. In fact, she got more - enough to make her horrified. _(2)__ _ They buy, among other things, 132 million cards. Mother's Day is the No 1 holiday for flower purchases. Then there are the various commodities, ranging from jewelry and clothes to cosmetics and washing powder, that take advantage of the promotion opportunities. Because of this, Jarvis spent the last 40 years of her life trying to stop Mother’s Day. One protest against the commercialization of Mother's Day even got her arrested - for disturbing the peace, interestingly. __(3) __As Ralph Fevre, a reporter at the UK newspaper The Guardian, observe, traditionally "motherhood is something that we do because we think it's fight." But in the logic of commercialism, people need something in exchange for their time and energy. A career serves this purpose better. __(4)___ So they work hard and play hard. Becoming a mother, however, inevitably handicaps career anticipation. ___(5)___ According to The Guardian, there are twice as many child-free young women as there were a generation ago. Or, they put off the responsibility of parenting until later in their lives. So, Fevre writes that the meaning of celebrating Mother's Day needs to be updated: "It is to persuade people that parenting is a good idea and to honor people for their attempt to be good people." A The American version of Mother's Day was thought up as early as 1905, by Anna Jarvis, as a way of recognizing the real value of motherhood. B But what's more, commercialism changes young people's attitude towards motherhood. C Obviously, the best gift will be a phone call or a visit. D According to a research by the US card company Hallmark, 96 percent of American consumers celebrate the holiday. E As a result, motherhood has suffered a huge drop in status since the 1950s. F In addition, women are being encouraged to pursue any career they desire. Ludwig Van Beethoven Ludwig van Beethoven, a major composer of the nineteenth century, overcame many personal problems to achieve artistic greatness. Born in Bonn, Germany, in 1770, he first studied music with the court organist, Gilles van der Eeden. His father was excessively strict and given to heavy drinking. ___ (1) ___. Appointed deputy court organist to Christian Gottlob Neefe at a surprisingly early age in 1782, Beethoven also played the harpsichord and the viola. In 1792 he was sent to Vienna by his patron, Count Ferdinand Waldstein, to study music under Haydn. Beethoven remained unmarried. __ (2) ___. Continually plagued by ill health, he developed an ear infection which led to his tragic deafness in 1819. __ (3) __. He completed mature masterpieces of great musical depth: three piano sonatas, four string quartets, the Missa Solemnis, and the 9th Symphony. He died in 1827. ___ (4) ___. Noting that Beethoven often flew into fits of rage, Goethe once said of him, “I am astonished by his talent, but he is unfortunately an altogether untamed personality.”___ (5) ___. A. In spite of this handicap, however, he continued to write music. B. Because of irregular payments from his publishers and erratic support from his patrons, he was troubled by financial worries throughout his adult life. C. His life was marked by a passionate dedication to independence. D. When his mother died, Beethoven, then a young man, was named guardian of his two younger brothers. E. Although Beethoven’s personality may have been untamed, his music shows great discipline and control, and this is how we remember him best. F. Today his music is still being played all over the world. Einstein Named “Person of Century” Albert Einstein, whose theories on space time and matter helped unravel the secrets of the atom and of the universe, was chosen as “Person of the Century” by Time magazine on Sunday. A man whose very name is synonymous with scientific genius, Einstein has come to represent more than any other person the flowering of 20th century scientific though that set the stage for the age of technology. “The world has changed far more in the past 100 years than in any other century in history. The reason is not political or economic, but technological—technologies that flowed directly from advances in basic science,” wrote theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking in a Time essay explaining Einstein’s significance. ___ (1) ____. Time chose as runner-up President Franklin Roosevelt to represent the triumph of freedom and democracy over fascism, and Mahatma Gandhi as an icon for a century when civil and human rights became crucial factors in global politics. “What we saw was Franklin Roosevelt embodying the great theme of freedom’s fight against totalitarianism, Gandhi personifying the great theme of individuals struggling for their rights, and Einstein being both a great genius and a great symbol of a scientific revolution that brought with it amazing technological advances that helped expand the growth of freedom, ”said Time Magazine Editor Walter Isaacson. Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany in 1879. ____ (2) ____. He was slow to learn to speak and did not do well in elementary school. He could not stomach organized learning and loathed taking exams. In 1905, however, he was to publish a theory which stands as one of the most intricate examples of human imagination in history. ___ (3) ___. Everything else—mass, weight, space, even time itself—is a variable. And he offered the world his now-famous equation: energy equals mass times the speed of light squared—E=mc. ___ (4) ___. “There was less faith in absolutes, not only of time and space but also of truth and morality. ” Einstein’s famous equation was also the seed that led to the development of atomic energy and weapons. In 1939, six years after he fled European fascism and settled at Princeton University, Einstein, an avowed pacifist, signed a letter to President Roosevelt urging the United States to develop an atomic bomb before Nazi Germany did. __ (5) __. Einstein did not work on the project. Einstein died in Princeton, New Jersey in 1955. A. “Indirectly, relativity paved the way for a new relativism in morality, art and politics,” Isaacson wrote in an essay explaining Time’s choices. B. How he thought of the relativity theory influenced the general public's view about Albert Einstein. C. “Clearly, no scientist better represents those advances than Albert Einstein.” D. Roosevelt heeded the advice and formed the “Manhattan Project” that secretly developed the first atomic weapon. E. In his early years, Einstein did not show the promise of what he was to become. F. In his “Special Theory of Relativity,” Einstein described how the only constant in the universe is the speed of light. Reinventing the Table An earth scientist has rejigged the periodic table to make chemistry simpler to teach to students. ___(1)___ But Bruce Railsback from the University of Georgia says he is the first to create a table that breaks with tradition and shows the ions of each element rather than just the elements themselves. “I got tired of breaking my arms trying to explain the periodic table to earth students,” he says, criss-crossing his hands in the air and pointing to different bits of a traditional table. ____(2)____ But he has added contour lines to charge density, helping to explain which ions react with which. “Geochemists just want an intuitive sense of what’s going on with the elements,” says Albert Galy from the University of Cambridge ___(3)____ ____(4)___ He explains that sulphur, for example, shows up in three different spots one—for sulphide, which is found in minerals, one for sulphite, and one for sulphate, which is found in sea slat, for instance. He has also included symbols to show which ions are nutrients, and which are common in soil or water. _(5)__ A There have been many attempts to redesign the periodic table since Dmitri Mendeleev drew it up in 1871. B Railsback has still ordered the elements according to the number of protons they have. C “I imagine this would be good for undergraduates.” D Raisback has listed some elements more than once. E And the size of element’s symbol reflects how much of it is found in the Earth’s crust. F The traditional periodic table was well drawn. Don’t Rely on Plankton to Save the Planet Encouraging plankton growth in the ocean has been touted by some as a promising way to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. ____(1)____ Adding iron to patches of ocean can make plankton bloom temporarily. The microscopic organisms suck up dissolved carbon dioxide from the water, which in turn is replaced by carbon dioxide from the air. ___(2)____ Jorge Sarmiento from Princeton and his colleagues developed a complex computer model to analyse how factors such as ocean chemistry and water circulation would affect the process if 160,000 square kilometers of ocean were seeded with iron for a month. ____(3)_____ In their scenario, which covers an area 10 times as big as the largest experiment of this kind ever proposed, fertilizing the ocean removes 1 million tones of carbon from the atmosphere—just 0.2 per cent of the carbon dioxide humankind spews out each month. Rough estimates in the past have predicted similarly disappointing results. ____(4)_____says Sallie Chisholm, an environmental engineer from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. “But the take-home message is the same. ____(5)_____” A Its opponents argue, however, that it will stop global warming. B Its opponents fear that it will damage the marine ecosystem, and now a computer model shows that the trick would also be remarkably inefficient. C As plankton die an settle on the ocean floor, their carbon is supposedly locked up in the seabed. D They found that 100 years later only between 2 and 11 per cent of the extra carbon that was originally taken up by plankton had actually been removed from the atmosphere. E “These are newer and better models,” F Ocean fertilization is not the answer to global warming. Dung to Death Fields across Europe are contaminated with dangerous levels of the antibiotics given to farm animals. The drugs, which are in manure sprayed onto fields as fertilizers, could be getting into our food and water, helping to create a new generation of antibiotic-resistant “superbugs”. The warning comes from a researcher in Switzerland who looked at levels of the drugs in farm slurry. ___(1)__ Some 20,000 tons of antibiotics are used in the European Union and the US each year. More than half are give to farm-animals to prevent disease and promote growth. _____(2)_____ Most researchers assumed that humans become infected with the resistant strains by eating contaminated meat. But far more of the drugs end up in manure than in meat products, says Stephen Mueller of the Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology in Dubendorf.______(3)_____ With millions of tons of animals manure spread onto fields of crops such as wheat and barley each year, this pathway seems an equally likely route for spreading resistance, he said. The drugs contaminate the crops, which are then eaten. ____(4)_____ Mueller is particularly concerned about a group of antibiotics called sulphonamides. _____(5)_____ His analysis found that Swiss farm manure contains a high percentage of This concentration is high enough to trigger the development of resistance among bacteria. But vets are not treating the issue seriously. There is growing concern at the extent to which drugs, including antibiotics, are polluting the environment. Many drugs given to humans are also excreted unchanged and are not broken down by conventional sewage treatment. A They do not easily degrade or dissolve in water. B And manure contains especially high levels of bugs that are resistant to antibiotics, he says. C Animal antibiotics is still an area to which insufficient attention has been paid. D But recent research has found a direct link between the increased use of these farmyard drugs and the appearance of antibiotic-resistant bugs that infect people. E His findings are particularly shocking because Switzerland is one of few countries to have banned antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed. F They could also be leaching into tap water pumped from rocks beneath fertilized fields. Robotic Highway Cones A University of Nebraska professor has developed robotic cones and barrels. (1) They can even be programmed to move on their own at any particular part of the day, said Shane Farritor, an assistant professor of mechanical engineering at Nebraska. For example, if workers arrived at 6 a.m., the cones could move from the side of the highway to block off the lane at that time. (2) “It just seems like a very good application for robots,” Farritor said. “The robotic cones would also help remove people from hazardous jobs on the highway putting barrels and cones into place,” Farritor said in a report on his creation. (3) This fund allowed Farritor to work on the project with graduate students at Nebraska and his assistant Steve Goddard. The robots are placed at the bottom of the cons and barrels and are small enough not to greatly change the appearance of the construction aides. “It would look exactly the same,” Farritor said. “Normally there’s a kind of rubbery, black base to them. (4) ” Farritor has talked with officials from the Nebraska Department of Roads about how the robots would be most useful to what they might need. The robots could come in handy following a slow-moving maintenance operation. like painting a stripe on a road or moving asphalt, where now the barrels have to be picked up and moved as the operation proceeds. “That way you don’t have to block off a 10-mile strip for the operation.” Farritor said. While prototypes have been made, they are not in use anywhere. Farritor said he has applied for a patent and is considering what to do next. (5) He is also thinking about marketing the robots to roads departments and others across the country who may benefit from them. A. And they can return to the original place at the end of the day. B. He is thinking about starting a small business. C. Farritor was “Inventor of the Year” in 2003. D. Work on the idea began in 2002 using a National Academy of Sciences grant. E. We replace that with a robot F. These robotic cones and barrels can move out of the way, or into place, from computer commands made miles away. The Arctic Ice is Thawing Father Christmas may have to move his “workshop1” from the North Pole because global warming is thawing the ice beneath his feet and his reindeers' feet as well. His “workshop” is in dire straits. The “platform” for the “workshop” is melting, said Stefan Norris of the World Wildlife Fund environmental group's Arctic Program. An eight-nation report by 250 scientists published recently predicted the Arctic Ocean could be ice-free in summer by 2100 because of a build-up of heat-trapping gases2 in the atmosphere, mainly from burning fossil fuels in cars or factories. The North Pole is getting more and more inhabitable to Father Christmas. ___1___. Young people learn that Father Christmas' “workshop” produces millions of gifts delivered by him on a flying, reindeer-drawn sleigh. Hollywood movies like "The Polar Express3" tried to make viewers believe that Father Christmas lives at the North Pole. ___2___. The "Fortress of Solitude" is near the North Pole that could be under threat in a warmer world5. Alan Boldt, spokesman of the Danish Ministry of Science, suggested ways to rescue Father Christmas. ___3___. Another alternative, he argued, would be building some electrical facilities to ensure the ice stays on the North Pole for him. "This should be a subject for the United Nations," he said. “Danmark could build windmills to provide Father Christmas with power." Denmark says Father Christmas’s real home is Greenland, which will help, Denmark thinks, to strengthen its position in claiming the sovereignty over the Pole. ___4___. "Doesn't he already speak Danish?" Boldt said frostily when asked if Father Christmas would be forced to learn Danish if Denmark won international recognition of its claim to the Pole. Last month's Arctic report said the region is warming twice as fast as the rest of the globe, partly because dark ground or water, once uncovered, soaks up more heat than ice or snow. Finland has been most favored by Father Christmas and it has about 500,000 tourists a year to visit its Christmas center in Rovaniemi in Lapland6. ___5___. A ． However, Nordic nations all reject it by claiming that their countries are his home. B ． Therefore the North Pole is the most attractive place in the world. C ． If Denmark ’s claim were accepted internationally, it would have the legal right to search for oil and gas at the North Pole. D ． One of them would be building a giant floating ice rink for the workshop if the Pole thaws. E ． Maybe Father Christmas has already moved to Rovaniemi. F ． He may have to move from the North Pole within our children's lifetimes. Bedwetting Millions of kids and teenagers from every part of the world wet the bed every single night. It’s so common that there are probably other kids in your class who do it. Most kids don’t tell their friends, so it’s easy to feel kind of alone, like you might be the only one on the whole planet who wets the bed. ___(1)___ The fancy name for bedwetting is nocturnal enuresis. Enuresis runs in families. This means that if you urinate, or pee, while you are asleep, there’s a good chance that a close relative also did it when he or she was a kid. ___(2)___ The most important thing to remember is that no one wets the bed on purpose. It doesn’t mean that you’re lazy or a slob. ___(3)___ For some reason, kids who wet the bed are not able to feel that their bladder is full and don’t wake up to pee in the toilet. Sometimes a kid who wets the bed will have a realistic dream that he’s in the bathroom peeing—only to wake up later and discover he’s all wet. Many kids who wet the bed are very deep sleepers. ___(4)__ Some kids who wet the bed do it every single night. Others wet some nights and are dry on other. A lot of kids say that they seem to be drier when they sleep at a friend’s or a relative’s house. __ (5)_ __ So the brain may be thinking, “Hey, you! Don’t wet someone else’s bed!” This can help you stay dry even if you’re not aware of it. A The good news is that almost all kids who wet the bed eventually stop. B Trying to wake up someone who wets the bed is often like trying to wake a log—they just stay asleep. C It’s something you can’t help doing. D Just like you may have inherited your mom’s blue eyes or your uncle’s long legs, you probably inherited bedwetting, too. E That’s because kids who are anxious about wetting the bed may not sleep much or only very lightly. F But you are not alone. What Makes Me the Weight I Am? There’s no easy answer to this question. Your genetic makeup, the physical traits that get passed down to you from your parents, plays a big part in determining your size and weight. ___(1)___ But if your parents are smaller than average, you may want to rethink that professional basketball career! The same goes for your body type. Have you ever heard someone say a person is “big boned?” It’s a way of saying the person has a large frame, or skeleton. Big bones usually weight more than small bones. ____(2)_____ Like your height or body type, your genes have a lot to say about what your weight will be. But that’s only part of the story. Being overweight can run in someone’s family, but it may not be because of their genes. ____(3)____ And even though some kids gain weight more easily than others, when they eat right and exercise, most kids can be a healthy and happy weight that’s right for them. It’s true—the way you live can change the way you look. How much you weight is a balance between the calories you eat and the calories you use. ____(4)____ If you spend your free time watching TV, your body won’t use as many calories as it would if you played basketball, skated, or went for a walk. If you are in balance, your weight will stay right for you as you grow. But if you eat more and exercise less, you may become overweight. ___(5)___ A That’s why it’s possible for two kids with the same height, but different weights, to both be the right weight. B If you eat more calories than your body needs to use, you will gain too much weight. C Poor eating and exercise habits also run in families and this may be the reason the members of a family are overweight. D However, many overweight people have difficulty reaching their healthy body weight. E On the other hand, if you eat less and exercise more, you may lose weight. F If both your parents are tall, there is a good chance you’ll be tall. How One Simple Movement Can Let Slip the Secrets of the Mind Body language is the quiet, secret and most powerful language of all! It is said that our body movements communicate about 50 per cent of what we really mean while words themselves only express 7 per cent. So, while your mouth is closed, just what is your body saying... Arms. (1) If you keep your arms to the sides of your body or behind your back, this suggests you are not afraid of taking on whatever comes your way. (2) If someone upsets you, just cross your arms to show you’re unhappy! Head. When you want to appear confident, keep your head level. If you are monitor in class, you can also take on this position when you want your words to be taken seriously. (3) Legs. Your legs tend to move around a lot more than normal when you are nervous or telling lies. If you are at interviews, try to keep them still! Posture. A good posture makes you feel better about yourself. (4) This makes breathing more difficult, which in turn can make you feel nervous or uncomfortable. Mouth. When you are thinking, you often purse your lips. You might also use this position to hold back an angry comment you don’t wish to show. (5) A. If you are feeling down, you normally don’t sit straight, with your shoulders inwards. B. If you are pleased, you usually open your eyes wide and people can notice this. C. Outgoing people generally use their arms with big movements, while quieter people keep them close to their bodies. D. How you hold your arms shows how open and receptive you are to people you meet. E. However, it will probably still be noticed, and people will know you’re not pleased. F. However, to be friendly in listening or speaking, you must move your head a little to one side. Why Do Peoples Shrink? Did you ever see the movie Honey, I Shrunk the Kids? It’s about wacky dad (who’s also a scientist) who accidentally shrinks his kids with his homemade miniaturizing invention. Oops! ___(1)___ For older people, shrinking isn’t that dramatic or sudden at all. It takes place over years and may add up to only an inch or so off of their adult height(maybe a little more, maybe less). And this kind of shrinking can’t be magically reversed, although there are things that can be done to stop it or slow it sown. ___(2)___ There are a few reasons. As people get older, they generally lose some muscle and lat form their bodies as part of the natural aging process. Gravity (the force that keeps your feet on the ground) takes hold, and the bones in the spine, called vertebrae, may break down or degenerate, and start to collapse into one another. ___(3)____ But perhaps the most common reason why some older people shrink is because of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis occurs when too much spongy bone tissue (which is found inside of most bones) is broken down and not enough new bone material is made. ___(4)___ Bones become smaller and weaker and can easily break if someone with osteoporosis is injured. Older people—especially women, who generally have smaller and lighter bones to begin with—are more likely to develop osteoporosis. As years go by, a person with osteoporosis shrinks a little bit. Did you know that every day you do a shrinking act, too? You aren’t as tall at the end of the day as you are at the beginning. That’s because as the day goes on, water in the disks of the spine gets compressed (squeezed) due to gravity, making you just a tiny bit shorter. Don’t worry, though. ___(5)___ A They end up pressing closer together, which makes a person lose a little high and become shorter. B Once you get a good night’s rest, your body recovers, and the next morning, you’re standing tall again! C Over time, bone is said to be lost because it’s not being replaced. D Luckily, there are things that people can do to prevent shrinking. E The kids spend the rest of the movie as tiny people who are barely visible while trying to get back to their normal size. F But why does shrinking happen at all? Leukemia Leukemia is the most common type of cancer kids get, but it is still very rare. Leukemia involves the blood and blood-forming organs, such as the bone marrow. ____(1)___ A kid with leukemia produces lots of abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow. Usually, white blood cells fight infection, but the white blood cells in a person with leukemia don’t work the way they’re supposed to. ___(2)___ The abnormal white blood cells multiply out of control, filling the bone marrow and making it hard for enough normal, infection-fighting white blood cells to form. Other blood cells—such as red blood cells (that carry oxygen in the blood to the body’s tissues) and platelets (that allow blood to clot) –are also crowded out by the white blood cells of leukemia. These cancer cells may also move to other parts of the body, including the bloodstream, where they continue to multiply and build up. Although leukemia can make kids sick, most of the time it is treatable, and kids get better. Almost all leukemia patients are treated with chemotherapy, which means using anti-cancer drugs. ___(3)___ Chemotherapy quickly goes to work, traveling through the blood to the bone marrow. There, the drugs can attack the cancer cells. After several weeks of chemotherapy, many kids begin to feel better. Some children with leukemia will also have to have radiation therapy, too. ___(4)___ If the cancer isn’t getting better from using the usual amounts of chemotherapy and radiation, then a kid with leukemia will probably need more treatment—with higher doses of chemotherapy and radiation finally kill the cancer cells. But this heavy-duty treatment will also harm the normal cells in the kid’s bone marrow too, and the bone marrow will no longer be able to produce normal blood cells. So, doctors will then give a kid—or anyone else with bone marrow that is no longer working —— normal bone marrow tissue from someone else who is healthy. ___(5)____ A The chemotherapy drugs are given through a catheter, a narrow tube that is inserted into a blood vessel, sometimes in the kid’s upper chest. B Early symptoms of leukemia are often overlooked, since they may resemble symptoms of the flu or other common diseases. C This is a special procedure called a bone marrow transplant, and it helps the patient make new blood cells so they can recover from the leukemia. D Bone marrow is the innermost part of some bones where blood cells are first made. E They don’t protect the person from infections very well. F Radiation therapy uses invisible high-energy waves (similar to X-rays) to kill cancerous cells. What Is Insulin-dependent Diabetes? When you eat, your body, takes the sugar from food and turns it into fuel. ____(1)____ Your body uses glucose for energy, so it can do everything from breathing air to playing a video game. But glucose can’t be used by the body on its own—it needs a hormone called insulin to bring it into the cells of the body. Most people get the insulin they need from the pancreas, a large organ near the stomach. The pancreas makes insulin; insulin brings glucose into the cells; and the body gets the energy it needs. When a person has insulin-dependent diabetes, it’s because the pancreas is not making insulin. So someone could be eating lost of food and getting all the glucose he needs, but without insulin, there is no way for the body to use the glucose for energy. _____(2)____ You may have heard older people talk about having diabetes, maybe people of your grandparents’ age. Usually, this is a different kind of diabetes called non-insulin-dependent diabetes. It can also be called Type 2 diabetes, or adult-onset diabetes.______(3)_____ When a kid diagnosed with juvenile (insulin-dependent) diabetes, he will have that type of diabetes for his whole life. It won’t ever change to non-insulin-dependent diabetes when he gets older. Scientists now think that a person who has juvenile diabetes was born with a certain gene or genes that made the person more likely to get the illness. ____(4)____ Many scientists believe that along with having certain gees, something else outside the person’s body, like a viral infection, is necessary to set the diabetes in motion by affecting the cells in the pancreas that make insulin. But the person must have the gene (or genes) for diabetes to start out with—this means you can’t get diabetes just from catching a flu, virus, or cold. And this type of diabetes isn’t caused by eating too many sugary foods, eight. Diabetes can take a long time to develop in a person’s body —sometimes months or year. Another important thing to remember is that diabetes is not contagious. ____(5)____ A Genes are something that you inherit form your parents, and they are in your body even before you’re born. B This sugar-fuel is called glucose. C It may be possible to beat insulin resistance through lifestyle changes. D You can’t catch diabetes from people who have it, no mater how close you sit to them or if you kiss them. E The glucose can’t get into the cells of the body without insulin. F When a person has this kind of diabetes, the pancreas usually can still make insulin, but the person’s body needs more than the pancreas can make. Weight Worries May Start Early for Slim Women There is a range of reasons why thin women think they’re too heavy, but the distorted body image may often have its roots in childhood, the results of a new study suggest. Researchers found that among more than 2,400 thin women they surveyed, nearly 10 percent thought they were too heavy. (1) According to the study authors, led by Dr. Susanne Kruger Kjaer of the Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, society’s “Ideal” female body is moving toward an underweight physique. (2) To investigate body image among thin women, the researchers gave questionnaires to 2,443 women ages 27 to 38 whose body mass index was at the low end of normal. (3) Overall, almost 10 percent of the women thought they were too heavy. Those who reported certain “severe life events” in childhood or adolescence, such as having a parent become ill or having their educational hopes dashed, were more likely than others to have a distorted body image. (4) In contrast, traumatic events in adulthood, such as serious illness or significant marital problems, were not related to poor body image, the researchers report. (5) A. The same was true of women who started having ** or drinking alcohol when they were younger than 15 years old. B. Experiences in childhood, including having an ill parent, or starting to drink or have ** at a particularly young age, were among the risk factors for having a distorted body image. C. “Our results indicate that the risk of being dissatisfied with (one’s ) own body weight may be established early in life,” Kjaer and her colleagues write. D. Research suggests that many normal-weight women wish to weigh less. E. If worries have altered your appetite or weight, it will help to talk to someone about it. F. The women were asked about factors ranging from childhood experiences to current exercise habits. Death Control A very important world problem—in fact, I am inclined to say it is the most important of all the great world problems which face us at the present time—is the rapidly increasing pressure of population on land and on land resources. _____ (1) _____. By 2000 A.D., unless something desperate happens, there will be as many as 7, 000, 000, 000 people on the surface of the earth! So this is a problem which you are going to see in your lifetime. Why is this enormous increase in population taking place? _____ (2) _____. You have heard of Birth Control? _____ (3) _____. Death Control recognizes the work of the doctors and the nurses and the hospitals and the health services in keeping alive people who, a few years ago, would have died of some of the incredibly serious killing diseases, as they used to do. Squalid conditions, which we can remedy by an improved standard of living, caused a lot of disease and dirt. Medical examinations at school catch diseases early and ensure healthier school children. Scientists are at work stamping out malaria and other more deadly diseases. If you are seriously ill there is an ambulance to take you to a modern hospital. _____ (4) _____. We used to think seventy was a good age; now eighty, ninety, it may be, are coming to be recognized as a normal age for human beings. _____ (5) _____. A. People are living longer because of this Death Control, and fewer children are dying, so the population of the world is shooting up. B. Death Control is something rather different. C. It is really due to the spread of the knowledge and the practice of what is coming to be called Death Control. D. This enormous increase of population will create immense problems. E. The standard of living may be improved through death control. F. Medical care helps to keep people alive longer. Public Relations Public relations is a broad set of planned communications about the company, including publicity releases, designed to promote goodwill and a favorable image. _____ (1) _____. Since public relations involves communications with stockholders, financial analysts, ** officials, and other noncustomer groups, it is usually placed outside the marketing department, perhaps as a staff department or outside consulting firm reporting to top management. This organizational placement can be a limitation because the public relations department or consultant will likely not be in tune with marketing efforts. _____ (2) _____. Although the basic purpose of public relations is to provide positive influence on the public image, this influence generally may be less than that provided by the other components of the public image mix. _____ (3) _____. Publicity on the other hand should not be divorced from the marketing department, as it can provide a useful adjunct to the regular advertising. _____ (4) _____. The point we wish to emphasize is that a firm is deluding itself if it thinks its public relations function, whether within the company or an outside firm, can take care of public image problems and opportunities. _____ (5) _____. Many of these have to do with the way the firm does business, such as its product quality, the servicing and handling of complaints, and the tenor of the advertising. Public relations and directed publicity may help highlight favorable newsworthy events, and may even succeed in toning down the worst of unfavorable publicity, but the other components of the public image mix create more lasting impressions. A. Publicity may be in the form of news releases that have favorable overtones for the company initiated by the public relations department. B. Furthermore, not all publicity is initiated by the firm; some can result form an unfavorable press as a reaction to certain actions or lack of actions that are controversial or even downright ill-advised. C. Publicity then is part of public relations when it is initiated by the firm, usually in the form of press releases or press conferences. D. Many factors impact on the public image. E. It surely causes heavy losses to the company. F. Poor communication and no coordination may be the consequences. The Dollar in World Markets According to a leading German banker, the U. S. dollar is “the most frequently discussed economic phenomenon of our times.” He adds, “. . . the dollar’s exchange rate is at present the most important price in the world economy. . .”_____ (1) _____. The central banks of many countries hold huge reserves of dollars, and over half of all world trade is priced in terms of dollars. Any shift in the dollar’s exchange rate will benefit some and hurt others. _____ (2) _____. The dollar’s exchange rate has been too volatile and unpredictable. Several years ago the dollar was rapidly declining in value. _____ (3) _____. The rise in the price of foreign goods made it possible for U. S. businesses to raise the price of competing foods produced here, thus worsening inflation. Foreigners who dealt in dollars or who held dollars as reserves were hurt. People in the United States who had borrowed foreign currencies found that they had to pay back more than they borrowed because the declining dollar would buy fewer units of the foreign money. _____ (4) _____. The dollar went soaring upward, and the situation was reversed. United States exporters found it hard to sell abroad because foreigners would have to pay more for U. S. dollars. People in the United States now bought the relatively cheaper foreign goods, and U.S. manufacturers complained that they could not compete. Job losses were often blamed on the “overvalued” dollar. Poor nations that had borrowed dollars found it difficult to repay both the loans and the interest because they had to use more and more of their own currencies to obtain dollars. _____ (5) _____. We might even return to the gold standard. Fixed exchange rates did not work in the past. Currency values should be determined by market conditions. A drop in the exchange value of a nation’s currency means that it is importing too much, that it is too inefficient to compete in world markets, that it is permitting a high rate of inflation which makes its goods too expensive, that it is going too deeply in debt, or that others have lost confidence in the nation’s stability. A nation should bring its exchange rate back up by addressing these problems, not by interfering with the money market. A. The solution to this problem is to end the system of floating exchange rates and return to fixed rates. B. Some people suggest therefore, that the dollar’s value should be more tightly controlled C. The United States lost face in the eyes of the rest of the world. D. Because the dollar acts as a world currency, its value affects many nations. E. This made it difficult for Americans to purchase foreign goods and services. F. Those who borrowed a lot of money from a bank suffered most. Research Shows Walking Can Lift Depression New research by German scientists shows that author Charles Dicknes was onto a good thing when he took long, brisk walks to relieve periodic bouts of depression. The author of Oliver Twist and David Copperfield would walk for hours in the 1860s as an antidote to intense feelings of sadness which alternated with restless euphoria. (1) Aerobic exercise like rapid walking can be more effective at lifting depression than drugs, reported the scientists led by Dr. Fernando Dimeo. (2) The team found that in 10 of these patients drugs had failed to bring any substantial improvement. The team devised an exercise regime for the group that involved walking on a treadmill for 30 minutes every day. ______(3)_____ The intensity of the training programme was stepped up as the heart rate adapted. A measurement of depression severity was taken at the start and the end of the programme, and patients were asked to rate their own mood regularly over a 10-day period. The researchers in Berlin found that after 10 days of the course six patients felt “substantially less depressed”. (4) Two were slightly less depressed, while four others remained unchanged. Depression levels overall fell by a third and on the self-assessed scores by 25 percent, said the researchers whose findings appeared in the British Journal of Sports Medicine. The study was small but the extent of the improvement was said by scientists to be impressive. (5) Nineteenth century doctors would have called Dickens’s condition melancholia since the psychological condition of depression was unknown. Dickens biographer Peter Ackroyd says the author’s son Charles remembers his father’s “heavy moods of deep depression” and many times of “intense nervous irritability”, something modern psychologists would certainly recognize. A. The number included five who had not found any relief using drug treatment. B. Long and brisk walks are not necessarily beneficial to every person. C. They studied 12 people with severe depression that had lasted an average of nine months. D. The outcome indicated a clinical benefit which could not be obtained with pharmacological treatment currently available, they said. E. This is also the advice that experts from the Free University in Berlin are giving today. F. According to the regime, intense activity lasting three minutes was alternated with walking at half speed for three minutes. Tuberculosis Kills 1, 000 People a Day in Asia World Health Organization (WHO) officials recently urged Asia-Pacific **s to shake off complacency and intensify the fight against tuberculosis (TB), which kills 1,000 people a day in the region. Shigeru Omi, regional director of WHO for the Western Pacific, said deaths caused by tuberculosis continue to rise in the region as more and more people are infected with the dreadful disease every year. “ Ever year, an additional two million tuberculosis cases are diagnosed in the region. ” Omi said at a news conference during the opening of a two-day meeting of Asian parliamentarians to discuss strategies to control the disease. (1) “When it comes to developed countries, the reason for the increase of TB is related to the ageing society,” he said. “ (2) ” “One common fact among developing countries and developed countries is complacency,” Omi added. “ (3) ” WHO said among the “high burden, high risk” countries in the region are Cambodia, China, Laos, Mongolia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines and Vietnam. (4) It noted that more than 40 million people are infected with the disease and “10 per cent of them will develop TB in their lifetime”. In Cambodia, more than 7 million people, or 60 per cent of the population. are infected with the disease, while in Vietnam more than 145,000 people are infected each year. “In several developed and newly industrialized countries in the Western Pacific region, TB prevalence has not decreased markedly during the last decade although economic growth should make more resources available to deal with the problem,” WHO said. (5) Omi expressed confidence that with renewed vigilance among health officials in the region, TB prevalence could be reduced by half by 2010. A. If you become elderly, your immune system is becoming weaker and weaker. B. In Japan, the number of diagnosed cases rose to 48,264 in 1999 from 42,472 cases in 1996. C. Omi pointed out that the main factor for the rise of TB cases in developing countries is the rapid increase of people who migrate into the big cities and live in unsanitary conditions. D. There is no doubt that tuberculosis will be eliminated completely everywhere in the world in the near future. E. They thought we have already conquered tuberculosis, so they become a little bit complacent. F. WHO records showed that in China, tuberculosis is one of the most common causes of death. Uncooperative Patients Need Psychological Therapy By refusing to take essential medication after a kidney transplant, a 49-year-old woman drives her doctors and nurses to distraction — to no avail, because the organ has in the end to be removed. (1) Patients refusing to cooperate with medical professionals cause damage not only to themselves but also impose substantial costs on the community. The pharmaceutical company Glaxo Welcome estimates the costs to the German taxpayers of this kind of negative behaviour at around five billion dollars a year. A recent conference of medical professionals, health insurers, the pharmaceutical industry and patient representatives revealed a wide range of factors behind non-compliance. Not all defiant behaviour in a patient can be characterized as non-compliance. Greater stress should be placed on psychology during medical training, delegates said. (2) Psychologist Sibylle Storkebaum told of an eight-year-old boy who ran amok in a hospital before undergoing a heart transplant, threatening to rip out his drip tubes. (3) “Doctors and nurses failed to see that they had downgraded a boy already conscious of his own responsibilities into a small child,” Storkebaum said, explaining that the boy merely wanted to be taken seriously and to be involved in his own treatment. “Once this was acknowledged, the anger attacks subsided. (4) ” Jan-Torsten Tews of Glaxo Welcome highlighted the problem of excessive medication, with patients having to take a wide range of medicines at short intervals. Educating patients and self-management were the key to treating patients with chronic conditions, he said. Health insurers also expressed interests in better cooperation between doctor and patient. “The fact that non-compliance exists is a result of patient dissatisfaction with their treatment,” Walter Bockemuehl, a senior executive in the statutory medical insurance scheme. said. According to one study, half of all patients did not want medication, but had drugs prescribed nevertheless. (5) A. However, there are still some medical professionals who don't believe in psychological therapy. B. He became noticeably quieter and turned into a good patient. C. “In these cases we should not be surprised if the advice is ignored,” he said. D. This case of medical non-compliance is not an isolated example. E. There was evidence that psychological therapy for insecure patients could improve cooperation between doctors and patients, they added. F. His fits of rage were subsequently seen as an attempt to assert his rights as a patient. Looking to the Future When a magazine for high-school students asked its readers what life would be like in twenty years, they said: Machines would be run by solar power. Buildings would rotate so they could follow the sun to take maximum advantage of its light and heat. Walls would “radiate light” and “change color with the push of a button.” Food would be replaced by pills. School would be taught “by electrical impulse while we sleep.” Cars would have radar. Does this sound like the year 2000?______(1) The future is much too important to simply guess about, the way the high school students did._______(2) By carefully studying the present, skilled businessmen, scientists, and politicians are supposedly able to figure out in advance what will happen. But can they? One expert on cities wrote: Cities of the future would not be crowded, but would have space for farms and fields. People would travel to work in “airbuses”, large all-weather helicopters carrying up to 200 passengers. When a person left the airbus station he could drive a coin-operated car equipped with radar. (3) Does that sound familiar? If the expert had been accurate it would, because he was writing in 1957. His subject was “The city of 1982”. If the professionals sometimes sound like high-school students, it’s probably because future study is still a new field. Here is an example for future study. Economic forecasting, or predicting what the economy will do, has been around for a long time. But there have been some big mistakes in this field, too. (4) In October of that year, the stock market had its worst losses ever, ruining thousands of investors who had put their faith in financial foreseers. One forecaster knew that predictions about the future would always be subject to significant errors. In 1957, H.J. Rand of the Rand Corporation was asked about the year 2000. “Only one thing is certain,” he answered.“ (5) ” A. In early 1929, most forecasters saw an excellent future for the stock market. B. Children born today will have reached the age of 43. C. Actually, the article was written in 1958 and the question was, “what will life be like in 1978?” D. So experts are regularly asked to predict accurately. E. Scientists are 80 percent accurate in predicting the future. F. The radar equipment of cars would make traffic accidents “almost unheard of”. Tests Show Women Suited for Space Travel Between 1997 and 1981, three groups of American women, numbering 27 in all, between the age of 35 and 65, were given month-long tests for space travel purposes. (1) Those women were carefully selected from among many applicants. (2) _____ They were not allowed to smoke or drink alcohol during the tests, and they were expected to tolerate each other’s company at close quarters for the entire period. Among other things they had to stand pressure three times the force of gravity and carry out both physical and mental tasks while exhausted from strenuous physical exercise. (3) During that time they suffered backaches and other discomforts. (4) Results of the tests suggest that women will have significant advantages over men in space. (5) Men’s advantages in terms of strength and stamina, meanwhile, are virtually wiped out by the zero-gravity condition in space. A. At the end of ten days, they had to spend a further twenty days absolutely confined to bed. B. They were volunteers and were paid barely above the minimum wage. C. These tests were conducted to determine how they would respond to conditions resembling those aboard the space shuttle. D. They need less food and less oxygen and they stand up to radiation better. E. Some of them were over 65. F. When they were finally allowed up, the more physically active women were especially subject to pains due to a slight calcium loss. Agitated Sunspot Cause Trouble If the lights in your house keep flickering, blame frequent sunspots. A sunspot is actually charged particles flying at the speed of 3 million kilometers an hour out of the surface of the sun to form sun storms. Every 11 years, the sun, as its energy accumulate inside up to a certain point, will send out streams of charged particles. _____ (1) _____ One is that the magnetic field of the earth is much disturbed because of the sun’s interference in the ionosphere, which is 80 to 500 kilometers above the earth. Wireless short-wave communication, which depends on the wave’s reflection against this layer of atmosphere, is likely to be jammed. _____ (2) _____ Scientists also say that the active movement of the charged sun storm also has effects on earthquakes. According to a research conducted by the Russian scientists from 1957 to 1960, the frequency of earthquakes can be linked to the movement of the sunspots. Little research has been carried out about how exactly the sunspot will negatively harm the health of the people. _____ (3) _____ So, scientists warn that people going outdoors should be careful to protect their exposed skin and eyes with clothes, umbrellas and sunglasses from the strong sunlight rich in ultraviolet rays. Besides, the nervous system is also affected. _____ (4) _____ It is hard to say when the sunspots are most violent during their active year, but generally one active period is believed to last possible eight days. Not long ago there were two violent sun storms breaking out , which seriously affected mobile phone communication, etc. in many parts of the world. _____ (5) _____ A. Ionosphere is important to wireless and mobile communication. B. But the communication situation in each case returned to normal in about 24 hours. C. Statistics show that traffic accidents are more frequent when sunspots are active. D. A paper published by a North Korea observatory says that sun storms may cause an increase in the incidence of heart disease and skin disease. E. It is said that mobile phone communication may be affected too. F. These charged particles affect the earth, which is directly energized by the sun in a number of ways. Watching Microcurrents Flow We can now watch electricity as it flows through even the tiniest circuits. By scanning the magnetic field generated as electric currents flow through objects, physicists have managed _____(1)_____ The technology will allow manufacturers to scan microchips for faults, as well as revealing microscopic defects in anything from aircraft to banknotes. Gang Xiao and Ben Schrage at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, visualize the current by measuring subtle changes in the magnetic field of an object and _____(2)_____. Their sensor is adapted from an existing piece of technology that is used to measure large magnetic fields in computer hard drives. “We redesigned the magnetic sensor to make it capable of measuring very weak changes in magnetic fields,” says Xiao. The resulting device is capable of detecting a current as weak as 10 microamperes, even when the wire is buried deep within a chip, and it shows up features as small as 40 nanometers across. At present, engineers looking for defects in a chip have to peel off the layers and examine the circuits visually; this is one of the obstacles _____(3) ______. But the new magnetic microscope is sensitive enough to look inside chips and reveal faults such as short circuits, nicks in the wires or electro migration—where a dense area of current picks up surrounding atoms and moves them along. “It is like watching a river flow,” explains Xiao. As well as scanning tiny circuits, the microscope can be used to reveal the internal structure of any object capable of conducting electricity. For example, it could look directly at microscopic cracks in an aeroplane’s fuselage, _____(4)_____. The technique cannot yet pick up electrical activity in the human brain because the current there is too small, but Xiao doesn’t rule it out in the future. “I can never say never,” he says. Although the researchers have only just made the technical details of the microscope public, it is already on sale, from electronics company Micro Magnetics in Fall River, Massachusetts. It is currently the size of a refrigerator and takes several minutes to scan a circuit, but Xiao and Schrage are working _____(5)_____. A to shrink it to the size of a desktop computer and cut the scanning time to 30 seconds B to making chips any smaller C to take tiny chips we require D to picture the progress of the currents E converting the information into a color picture showing the density of current at each point F faults in the metal strip of a forged banknote or bacteria in a water sample Ants as a Barometer of Ecological Change At picnics, ants are pests. But they have their uses. In industries such as mining, farming and forestry, they can help gauge the health of the environment by just crawling around and being antsy. It has been recognized for decades that ants—which are highly sensitive to ecological change—can provide a near-percent barometer of the state of an ecosystem. Only certain species, for instance, will continue to thrive at a forest site that has been cleared of trees. _____(1)_____ And still others will move in and take up residence. By looking at which species populate a deforested area, scientists can determine how “stressed” the land is. _____(2)_____ Ants are used simply because they are so common and comprise so many species. Where mine sites are being restored, for example, some ant species will recognize the stripped land more quickly than others. _____(3)_____ Australian mining company Capricorn Coal Management has been successfully using ant surveys for years to determine the rate of recovery of land that it is replanting near its German Creek mine in Queensland. Ant surveys also have been used with mine-site recovery projects in Africa and Brazil, where warm climates encourage dense and diverse ant populations. “We found it worked extremely well there,” says Jonathan Majer, a professor of environmental biology. Yet the surveys are perfectly suited to climates throughout Asia, he says, because ants are so common throughout the region. As Majer puts it: “That’s the great thing about ants.” Ant surveys are so highly-regarded as ecological indicators that **s worldwide accept their results when assessing the environmental impact of mining and tree harvesting. _____(4)_____ Why not? Because many companies can’t afford the expense or the laboratory time needed to sift results for a comprehensive survey. The cost stems, also, from the scarcity of ant specialists. _____(5)_____ A This allowed scientists to gauge the pace and progress of the ecological recovery. B Yet in other businesses, such as farming and property development, ant surveys aren’t used widely. C Employing those people are expensive. D They do this by sorting the ants, counting their numbers and comparing the results with those of earlier surveys. E The evolution of ant species may have a strong impact on our ecosystem. F Others will die out for lack of food. Stonehenge Stonehenge, the mysterious ring of ancient monoliths from the dawn of Britain’s proud civilization, could be the work of a central European immigrant, archaeologists said not long ago in a shock statement. An early Bronze Age archer, whose grave was discovered near the stone circle last year, may have helped build the monument._____1_____Or he might have brought in a region neighboring Switzerland, such as southern Germany or western Austria. The archer “would have been a very important person in the Stonehenge area,” said Andrew Fitzpatrick, Wes** Archaeology’s project manager. “It is fascinating to think that someone from abroad could have played an important part in the construction of Britain’s most famous archaeological site. ” The 4,000-year-old man was identified as an archer because of the flint arrowheads found by his body, along with other artifacts belonging to the Beaker Culture in the Alps during the Bronze age._____2_____ though it could be coincidence that the man lived close to Stonehenge at about the time the great stones were put in place, archaeologists suspect that he was involved in constructing the monument. The archer, dubbed “The king of Stonehenge” by the British press, lived around 2300 B.C., about the time the great stone circle was formed in Amesbury, 120 kilometers southwest of London. The splendid artifacts found in his grave indicated he was a man of wealth, leading archaeologists to speculate he was an important dignitary involved in the monument’s creation. Stonehenge was built about the time the rich Breaker Culture came to Britain._____3_____ 4_____ He was strongly built but suffered an accident a few years before his death that severed his left knee cap. Truman said the case of death was not known, but it could have been a bone infection caused by his leg injury. Archaeologists also found the grave of a younger man, aged 20 to 25, nearby. _____5_____ This indicated they were related and were possibly father and son. Tests on the younger man’s tooth enamel showed that he grew up in Britin. The archaeologists thus speculated the archer lived in Britain for many years and had a family, and was not just passing through. A And tests on the chemical components of his tooth enamel showed he grew up in the region that is now known as Switzerland. B He and the archer shared an unusual bone structure in their feet. C Stonehenge will remain mysterious for many centuries to come. D The artifacts found in his rich grave discovered about 5 kilometers from Stonehenge indicated he was obviously a very prominent man. E The archer was between 35 and 45 years old when he died. F And people of that time would have been able to communicate in early Celtic tongues. Sleeping Giant Right now, an eruption is brewing in Yellowstone National Park. Sometime during the next two hours, the most famous geyser. Old Faithful, will begin gurgling boiling water and steam._____1_____ Old Faithful is not only a spectacular sight; it’s also a constant remainder that Yellowstone sits on one of the largest volcanoes in the world. If you’ve never heard of Yellowstone’s volcano, you’re not alone._____ 2_____ yet it has erupted three times during the last million years. And one of those eruptions spewed enough volcanic ash and other debris to blanket half the United States. Yellowstone’s volcano is sometimes called a “supervolcano,” or extremely large and explosive caldera volcano._____3_____. This supervolcano formed over a hot spot, an extremely hot area in Earth’s mantle. John Valley, a volcano professors, said that as the crust moves across a hot spot, the hot spot melts a section of the plate moving over it, forming “one volcano after another.” The Yellowstone hot spot melts thick continental crust, which may cause catastrophic eruptions. According to experts the eruptions that created each of the three calderas in and around Yellowstone National Park were larger than any other volcanic eruption in recorded history. The most recent eruption, which happened 640,000 years ago, produced at least 1,000 cubic kilometers of ash and debris, which blanketed most of the western half of the United States._____4_____ Geological evidence shows Yellowstone has blown its stack every 700,000 years or so. “If nature were truly that regular and reliable, we would be due for another eruption soon,” said Valley. “However, these processes are subject to variability, so we don’t really know when the next eruption will happen.” _____5_____It is the volcanic energy that powers the geysers and hot springs, creates the mountains and canyons, and generates the unique ecosystems that support Yellowstone’s diverse wildlife. A Three calderas make up more than a third of Yellowstone National Park. B The first Yellowstone eruption, 2 million years ago, released more than double that amount of ash and debris. C The volcano is so inconspicuous (不显眼的) that few people know it exists. D Then, an enormous fountain will shoot high into the air. E While the active geologist processes at Yellowstone do pose some risk to the public, they also make it a unique treasure. F Yellowstone National Park attracts the interest of geologists the world over. High Dive Cheryl Sterns aims to go boldly where no human has ever gone before in a balloon: 40 kilometers up into the atmosphere._____ 1_____No one has ever leapt from such a height or gone supersonic without an airplane or a spacecraft. Yet Sterns, an airline pilot, is not the only person who wants to be the first to accomplish those feats. Two other brave people, an Australian man and a Frenchman, are also planning to make similar leaps. _____2_____First, she’ll climb into a cabin hanging from a balloon the size of a football field2. Then balloon will take her high into the stratosphere—the layer of Earth’s atmosphere 12 to 50 kilometers above the planet. “The ascent will take two and a half to three hours,” said Sterns. “I’ll be wearing a fully pressurized, temperature-controlled space suit.” At 40 kilometers, Sterns will be able to see the gentle curve of Earth and the blackness of space over head. Then she’ll unclip herself from the cabin and dive headfirst, like a bullet, into the atmosphere._____ 3_____ For high dive, astronaut escape suits are a key to success. Current pilot and astronaut escape suite are guaranteed only a maximum altitude of 21 kilometers. Del Rosso, a NASA engineer of spacesuits and life-support systems, said the suit designed for Stern’s jump could serve as a model for the lethal environment of higher climbs._____ 4_____The first hazard is oxygen-deficient air. Any person without an additional oxygen supply at 40 kilometers would die within three to five seconds. The second hazard is low atmospheric pressure. Atmospheric pressure is much lower at high altitudes than it is at sea level. The low atmospheric pressure of the upper stratosphere causes the gases in body fluids to fizz out of solution like soda bubbles._____ 5_____Other hazards include temperatures as low as –55 degrees Celsius, flying debris, and solar radiation. For Sterns to survive, her spacesuit will have to protect her from all of these hazards. “A spacesuit is like a one-person spaceship,” Del Rosso explained. “You have to take everything you need in a package that’s light enough, mobile enough, and tough enough to do the job. You can’t exist without it.” A It will handle several major hazards. B Escape suits are tough enough to stand the atmospheric pressure of the upper stratosphere. C From there, she’ll take a death-defying leap back to Earth at supersonic speed. D “In 30 seconds, I’ll be going Mach (马赫) speed,” said Sterns. E How will Sterns make her giant jump? F In short, blood boils. Crop Circle Mysteries They are giant geometric patterns, which appear over-night in a field of crops. Many people believe that they are made by aliens. _________________ (1) _________________ "Crop circle", as the mysterious patterns arc called, became a hot phrase this month. _________________(2)_________________ It's believed to be the world's first three, dimensional crop circle1 The giant crop circle gives an impression of looking down on skyscrapers from above._________________(3)_________________ Crop circles were first widely noticed in the late 1970s as many mysterious circles began appearing in crop fields throughout the English countryside. People were intrigued by these giant patterns. They were huge (at least tens of metres in diameters) and popped up over-night2. _________________(4)_________________ Various scientific and pseudo-scientific explanations were put forward to explain the phenomenon. Some hold that they were left by alien spaceships. Others say that they are simply an elaborate prank3. _________________(5)_________________ To date, thousands of circles have been discovered all over the globe, from the former Soviet Union to Japan to Canada. A A strange pattern 360 feet (110 metres) in diameter was discovered earlier this month in a wheat field in Oxford shire, England. B Others call them hoaxes. C No one knew how or by whom they were made. D The design's discovery immediately generated a new tide of public interest in this mysterious phenomenon. E Farmers often make crop circles for fun. F But rather than discovering the truth, people saw increasingly complicated circles appear worldwide. Chest Compressions: Most Important of CPR Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or CPR, can save the life of someone whose heart has stopped. The condition is called cardiac arres2. The heart stops pumping blood, The Person stops breathing. Without lifesaving. measures, the brain, starts to die within four to six minutes. CPR combines breathing into the victim's mouth and repeated presses on the chest.______1______ However, a new Japanese study 'questions the usefulness of mouth-to-mouth breathing. The study was published in the British medical magazine, The Lancet3. Doctors in Tokyo led the research. It examined more than four thousand people who had suffered cardiac arrest. In all the cases, witnesses saw the event happen. More than one thousand of the victims received some kind of medical assistance from witnesses. Seven hundred and twelve received CPR. Four hundred and thirty-nine received chest presses only. ____2____ The researchers say any kind of CPR improved chances of the patient's survival. But, they said those people treated with only chest presses suffered less brain damage. Twenty-two percent survived with good brain ability. _____3_______ The American Heart Association4 changed its guidelines for CPR. chest presses in 2005._____4_____Gordon Ewy is a heart doctor at the University of Arizona College of Medicine in Tucson. He wrote a report that appeared with the study. Doctor Ewy thinks the CPR guidelines should be changed again. He said the heart association should remove rescue breaths from the guidelines. He argues that more witnesses to cardiac arrests would provide treatment if rescue breaths are not a part of CPR. He says this would save lives. _____5_____ Cardiac arrest kills more than 300,000 people in the United States every year. The American Heart Association says about ninety-five percent of victims die before they get to a medical center. A So far, we have not known exactly yet whether mouth-to-mouth breathing is really useless in CPR. B Only ten percent of the victims treated with traditional CPR survived with good brain ability. C CPR keeps blood and oxygen flowing to the heart and brain. D His studies show that many people do not want to perform mouth-to-mouth breathing on a stranger for fear of getting a disease. E It said people should increase the number of chest presses from fifteen to thirty for every two breaths given. F No mouth-to-mouth rescue breaths were given to them. U.S., European Drug Officials Approve Inhaled Insulin A form of insulin for people with diabetes to take by mouth is expected to be sold within a few months. The new medicine is called Exubera1. The United States Food and Drug Administration2 and the European Commission3 both recently approved it for adults. It could make life easier for many diabetics who require daily injections, of insulin to control their blood sugar levels. But it will not replace all insulin injections. And it is not for everyone. People who smoke or have stopped smoking for less than six months should not take Exubera.______1______ Three drug companies — Pfizer, Sanofi-Aventis and Nektar Therapeutics — developed the inhaled insulin. ______2______ Experts say about fifteen percent of diabetics who need insulin do not take it. The treatment can involve several injections each day. Insulin is a hormone that the body uses to change food into energy. Failure to control blood sugar levels can lead to serious problems, including blindness and loss of blood flow to the feet, It can also lead to heart disease, stroke and kidney failure4. Insulin has been sold as a drug since the nineteen twenties. This is the first new way to take it. Exubera uses a powder breathed into the lungs through a mouthpiece. Pfizer will study the long-term effects. It says some patients have reported a mild cough while using the inhaled insulin. ______3_____ Many people do not know they have diabetes. There are two forms. Most diabetics have the Type Two form. Their body does not make enough insulin or cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. ______4______ Most Type Two diabetics do not take insulin. Their medicines can be taken by mouth. Diet, exercise and weight control are also, important. Type One diabetes often begins in childhood. ______5______ Officials say diabetics with either type could use inhaled insulin, either before or after a meal. But Type One diabetics and some with Type Two Would still need a longer-lasting injection at least once a day. A With this type the body is unable to produce insulin. B Pfizer recently bought the rights to sell it worldwide. C The control of their blood sugar levels is most important for patients with diabetes. D It is common in people who are overweight and not active. E Some patients with lung disease should not take it either. F People are advised to have their lungs examined before using Exubera, and at least once a year after that. More Efforts Urged to Empower Women at AIDS Conference Prevention is a central issue being discussed at the sixteenth International AIDS Conference in Toronto, Canada. Twenty-four thousand delegates are at the conference which ends Friday. Bill and Melinda Gates2 called for3 faster research to. develop preventions like microbicides4 for women to use when they have **. _______1______ Melinda Gates said the way to "change this epidemic" is to put power in the hands of women5. In southern Africa, for example, about sixty percent of adults living with HIV6 are women. Bill Gates said women today often have no choice but to depend on men not to infect them. "A woman should never need her partner's permission to save her own life," he said as the conference opened Sunday. _______2______ On Monday, former President Bill Clinton said more people would get tested for. HIV if an aggressive effort took place to fight the stigma. But reducing fears of social rejection is not enough. _______3______ Researchers at the conference presented the results of a new study of HIV testing. It involved more than one hundred thousand people tested in California last year. Some received a quick test, with results in about twenty minutes. The others received a test that is more commonly used; the results takes two weeks. The researchers say twenty-five percent of the people who had the longer test did not return to learn the results. _______4______ George Letup of the University, of California led the study. He says quick tests could be especially important in developing countries with limited transportation. Speakers at the AIDS conference also discussed high rates of new HIV infections among black Americans. Julian Bond is chairman of the NAACP7, a leading civil rights group._______5______ Public health officials say half of all new HIV infections in the United States are in blacks. African-American delegates at the conference said they will prepare a five-year plan to reduce infection rates and increase testing. A The chairman said African-Americans must, in his words, "face the fact that AIDS has become a black disease. " B Mr. Clinton said people also need a guarantee they would get medicine to suppress the virus. C Delegates at the conference have worked Out an action plan to fight the wide spread of this terrible disease all over the world. D They hoped that such products could protect against infection with the virus that causes AIDS. E The world's richest man said "stopping AIDS" is the top priority of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. F But that was true of only two percent of those who had the quick test. The Magic of Sound Music is one of the most beautiful forms of artistic expressions ever invented. In movies and plays, music has an added function1 : it not only moves people but also can shock people. Is it true that an ordinary musical instrument can be so powerful? Our eardrums can withstand sound within 20 to 80 decibels. Once sound exceeds this limit2 , even beautiful music will become ear-splitting noise3 and harm health. A strong blast of high sound can twist and break a solid iron sheet. ______1_____ The noise from a plane's engine is over 140 decibels. However, the sound of a flute is at most a few decibels. ______2_____ It has been proven that people who have worked in an environment with a high sound intensity for a long time suffer varying degrees of heart disease or altered brain waves. In movies, sometimes the hero can produce a sound that ordinary people can't hear and only those who have the same ability can feel. In nature, there is actually sound that is beyond our hearing. In physics, the sound that exceeds 20,000 Hz is called ultrasonic. ______3_____ It does no harm to health. Sound less than 20 Hz is called infrasonic waves. When we move, the air will vibrate.______4_____ As the frequency of infrasonic waves is close to that of people's internal organs4 , infrasonic wave may cause resonance in human bodies. As a result, people's vision may weaken and internal organs may rupture. However, whether an infrasonic wave can be used as a weapon depends on its intensity5. If its intensity is very low, it won't damage internal organs or a person ’ s health ___5___When wind blows at a force of 3 or 4 over the sea, it will produce infrasonic waves of several decibels . Only typhoons can produce infrasonic waves of over 100 decibels. At present scientist can only produce infrasonic weapons in the lab with the help of advanced scientific tools and powerful electric power. A High sound of 150 decibels can kill a healthy rat. B The vibration of-air can produce infrasonic waves. C We cannot play high-pitched music with ordinary musical instruments. D If the intensity of infrasonic wave exceeds 160 decibels, it is extremely harmful. E Dolphins, whales and bats can make such high-frequency sound F Therefore, the sound of ordinary musical instruments cannot harm your health. Time in the Animal World Rhythm controls everything in Nature. _______1______ The sun provides a basic time rhythm for all living creatures including humans. Nearly all animals are influenced by sun cycles and have developed a biological clock in their bodies following these cycles. The moon also exerts its force and influence on the sea. Its gravitational attraction causes the rising of the tide. ______2_____ When the moon is behind the Earth, centrifugal force causes the second tide of the day. Animals living in tidal areas must have the instinct of predicting these changes, to avoid being stranded and dying of dehydration. Since the time of the dinosaurs, the king crab has been laying eggs1 at the seaside in a set way2. To avoid predator fish3 , the eggs are always far from seawater and protected by sand. In the following two months, the eggs undergo dramatic changes related to the cycles of the moon4. When the second spring tide comes, the young king crabs have matured. _______3______ Most of the mammals, either the giant elephant or the small shrew, have the same average total number of heartbeats in their lifetime. Shrews live only for two and a half years, and spend their life at a high speed and high tempo. Animals like shrew with a pulse rate of 600 per minute have an average total of eight hundred million heartbeats throughout their life. The African elephant has a pulse rate of 25 beats per minute, and a life span of 60 years. The size of the body determines the speed of life.__4___ As we get older, our sense of time is being influenced by physiological changes of our body. The elder spend more time resting, and do few sports.___5____For a child ,a week is seen as a long time. A For an adult, time goes fast year by year. B It controls, for example, the flapping of birds' wings, the beating of the heart and the rising and setting of the sun. C The larger the animal is, the longer its life span is and the slower its life tempo is. D The tide goes out when the moon moves away and its attraction is weaker. E We always tend to think all the animals have the same sense of time as human beings. F The second spring tide takes them back to the sea. Virtual Driver Driving involves sharp eyes and keen ears, analyzing with a brain, and coordination between hands, feet and brain. A man has sharp eyes and keen ears, analyzes through his brain, and maintains coordination between his hands and brains. He can control a fast-moving car with different parts of his body. _______1______ Apparently there isn't anyone in the driver's cab, but there is in fact a virtual driver1. This virtual driver has eyes, brains, hands and feet too. The mincemeats on each side of the car are its eyes and are responsible for observing the road conditions ahead of it as well as the traffic to its left and right. If you open the boot, you can see the most important part of the automatic driving system: a built-in computer._______2______ The brain is responsible for calculating the speeds objects surrounding the car are moving at2 , analyzing their position on the road, choosing the right path, and giving orders to the wheel and the control system. In comparison with the human brain, the virtual driver's best advantage is that it reacts quickly. _______3_____However, it takes the world's best racecar driver at least one second to react ,and this doesn ’ t include the time he needs to take action. With its rapid reaction and accurate control ,the virtual drive can reduce the accident rate on expressways considerably In the case ,is it possible for us to let it have the wheel at any time and in any place?___4____with its limited ability to recognize things the car can now only travel on expressways. The intelligent car determines its direction by the clear lines that mark the lanes clearly and recognizes vehicles according to their regular shapes.___5____ This being the case people still have high about driverless cars, and think highly intelligent cars are what the cars of the future should be like. A ． Experts say that we cannot do that just yet. B ． In the near future, intelligent cars will be put into commercial operation. C ． This is the brain of the car. D ． But how does an intelligent car control itself? E ． It completes the processing of the images sent by the cameras within 100 milliseconds. F ． However, it cannot recognize moving people and bicycles on ordinary roads that have no clear markings on them. 补全短文参考答案 文章名称 答案 What We Take from And Give to the Sea E D A F B Teamwork in Tourism C B F E A “Happy Birthday to You” B F A C D The First Four Minutes D E A B C Financial Risks C B D A E Mobile Phones C B E A D The World’s Longest Bridge C B E F D Obesity Causes Global Warming B D F C E The Value of Motherhood A D B F E Ludwig Van Beethoven D B A C E Einstein Named “Person of Century” C E F A D Reinventing the Table A B C D E Don’t Rely on Plankton to Save the Planet B C D E F Dung to Death E D B F A Robotic Highway Cones F A D E B The Arctic Ice is Thawing F A D C E 文章名称 答案 Bedwetting F D C B E What Makes Me the Weight I Am? F A C B E How One Simple Movement Can Let Slip the Secrets of the Mind D C F A E Why Do Peoples Shrink? E F A C B Leukemia D E A F C What Is Insulin-dependent Diabetes? B E F A D Weight Worries May Start Early for Slim Women B D F A C Death Control D C B F A Public Relations C F A B D The Dollar in World Markets D B E C A Research Shows Walking Can Lift Depression E C F A D Tuberculosis Kills 1,000 People a Day in Asia C A E F B Uncooperative Patients Need Psychological Therapy D E F B C Looking to the Future C D F A B Tests Show Women Suited for Space Travel C B A F D Agitated Sunspot Cause Trouble F E D C B Watching Microcurrents Flow D E B F A Ants as a Barometer of Ecological Change F D A B C Stonehenge A D F E B Sleeping Giant D C A B E High Dive C E D A F Crop Circle Mysteries B A D C F Chest Compressions: Most Important of CPR C F B E D U.S., European Drug Officials Approve Inhaled Insulin E B F D A More Efforts Urged to Empower Women at AIDS Conference D E B F A The Magic of Sound A F E B D Time in the Animal World B D F C A Virtual Driver D C E A F 查看更多0个回答 . 2人已关注
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