关于合成氨产业链延伸的问题？ 这段英文资料对氨的下游利用讲的比较全面，供参考。 in 1997 about 85 % of ammonia production was consumed for fertilizers. ammonia is either converted into solid fertilizers (urea; ammonium nitrate, phosphate, sulfate) or directly applied to arable soil. the industrial use of ammonia is around 15 %. actually every nitrogen atom in industrially produced chemicals compounds comes directly or indirectly from ammonia. an important use of the ammonia nitrogen, partly after conversion to nitric acid, is the production of plastics and fibers, such as polyamides, urea – formaldehyde – phenol resins, melamine-based resins, polyurethanes, and polyacrylonitrile. another application is the manufacture of explosives, hydazine, amines, amides, nitriles and other organic nitrogen compounds, which serve as intermediates for dyes and pharmaceuticals. major inorganic products are nitric acid, sodium nitrate, sodium cyanide, ammonium chloride, and ammonium bicarbonate. urea production consumed about 40 % of the ammonia produced in 1995. in the environmental sector ammonia is used in various processes for removing so2 from flue gases of fossil-fuel power plants. the resulting ammonium sulfate is sold as fertilizer. in the selective catalytic reduction process (scr) the nox in flue gases is reduced in a catalytic reaction of the nitrogen oxides with a stoichiometric amount of ammonia. also noncatalytic reduction is applied with ammonia or urea solutions. ammonia may also serve as a solvent in certain processes. another application is the nitriding of steel. an old and still flourishing business is the use of ammonia as refrigerant, based on its low boiling point and its high heat of evaporation. for some time heavy competition came from chlorofluorocarbons (cfcs), but with increasing environmental concern regarding the application of cfcs ammonia's position is strengthening again. ammonia is applied in a large number of industrial and commercial refrigeration units and air-conditioning installations. in addition to the high specific refrigeration effect, the ammonia has the following advantages: it is noncorrosive; it tolerates moisture, dirt, and oil contaminants; it is cheap and there are many suppliers. a drawback is its toxicity. the production of smaller volumes of hydrogen/nitrogen mixtures used as protective gases for chemical products and for metal-working processes by decomposition of ammonia over iron- or nickel-based catalysts at 800 – 900 °c may be an economic alternative where production or purchase of pure hydrogen is too expensive. energy-related applications of ammonia are proposed in.查看更多
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