2007年职称英语考试语法复习? 第十讲 定语从句 定语从句: (一)什么叫定语从句? 定语从句也称为"形容词从句",或"的从句",顾名思义,就是用来修饰或说明名词的从句,被修饰或说明的那个名词称为"先行词",即: 名词(先行词) ← 连接词 + 句子 由于汉语中的定语总是放在名词的前面,而英语中的定语从句总是放在被修饰或说明的名词后面,又要使用连接词加以连接,因此定语从句,特别是连接词的使用,成为中国学生学习的一个难点,也是考试的一个重点。 要搞清定语从句,初学者必须首先建立以下基本概念: 比较:我昨天买的那本书很有趣。 The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting. 昨天买的那本书很有趣。 The book that was bought yesterday is very interesting. 从以上句子可以看出: (1) 定语从句一定是修饰或说明"名词"的,上句中就是"the book" (2) 定语从句中的"连接词"就是前面那个名词的"化身", 一般都紧跟在名词的后面,上句中连接词"that"代表的就是前面的"the book",即that = the book; (3) 定语从句中的"连接词"必须在从句中充当一个句子成分(当主语、宾语或表语时称为关系代词;当地点、时间状语时称为关系副词),在上句中"that"当动词"bought"的宾语,也就是说,以下表达是错误的: The book that I bought it is very interesting. 由于句中的"that"就是"bought"的宾语,因此"it"是多余的。这是考生在审题时要注意的一个问题。 以上概念是理解定语从句的基础,在没有搞清以上基本概念之前,不要进入下一节内容。 (二)什么叫限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句? 先看一个句子: I have a brother who is an engineer. 这个句子可以有两个解释: 我有一个当工程师的兄弟。 或 我有一个兄弟,他是个工程师。 第一个句子称为限制性定语从句,说明"我至少有有两个兄弟,其中一个是工程师",以便与另一个兄弟(或许他是个医生)相区分。所以,限制性定语从句也称为修饰性定语从句,在先行词(brother)与关系代词 (who) 之间一般没有","号分开。 第二个句子称为非限制性定语从句,说明"我只有一个兄弟,他是个工程师".所以,非限制性定语从句也称为说明性定语从句,中间一般有","号分开,特别是考试的时候。 该句一般写为:I have a brother, who is an engineer. 注意:凡说明世界上独一无二事物的都是非限制性定语从句,不管中间有没有","号,例如: Mt. Tai which is located in Shandong Province attracts thousands of tourists every year. 第十一讲 名词性从句 名词性从句: (一)什么叫名词性从句? 在英语句子中,主语、宾语和表语是名词,在这三个位置上出现的句子就称为名词性从,即:主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句的总称。由于他们的连接原则和连接词的使用基本一致,故放在一起讲解。 (二)如何连接? 名词性从句的连接可以简单地归纳为三句话: 1) 从句不缺成分用that 2) 从句缺少主语、宾语和表语,物用what, 人用who / whom / whoever / whomever 3) 其他情况,中文缺什么意思就补所需的带-wh的词(whether, where, when, how, why, who, whom, whose), 第一句话:从句不缺成分用that,例如: My hope is that she will soon be well again. (表语从句:我的希望是他能很快康复。) Everybody hopes that she will soon be well again.(宾语从句:大家都希望他能很快康复。) That she will soon be well again is our hope. (主语从句:他能很快康复是我们的希望。) 从上面三个句子可以看出: 1) 名词性从句中的that 只是起连接作用,不充当任何成分,一定要与定语从句中的关系代词that相区别; 2) 除了主语从句居首的情况(如例3),是可以省略的,特别是宾语从句中。例3也可以写成:It is our hope that she will soon be well again. 此项内容不是考试重点。 第二句话:从句缺少主语、宾语和表语, 物用what,人用who / whom / whoever / whomever 这是名词性从句考试的重点, 特别是what, 这里的关键是否能辨认出句子的成分, 例如: ______ he needs is more time. (他需要的是更多的时间。) 显然,主语从句中:he是主语,而谓语动词needs缺宾语,因此填what Tell us _____ you saw and heard during your visit to that university. 同样,宾语从句中谓语动词saw和heard缺宾语,应填 what This is not ______ I want. 同样,表语从句中动词缺宾语,应填what ______ some people are against is ______ other people are for. 这是一个主语从句 + 表语从句的结构,介词against和 for后面都没有宾语,无疑都应填what:一些人反对的就是其他人赞成的。 应注意的问题: 1) 关于what的疑问性和名词性: I don't know what you don't know. 这个句子可以有两个译文:我不知道你不知道什么。/ 你不知道的我也不知道。显然,第一个译文中what是疑问性的(即"什么?");第二个译文中what是名词性的,中文往往表达为"…的". 注意:这种区分并不影响做语法选择题,只影响翻译理解. 例如: What has made Japan ______ it is today? 不要急着试图翻译这个句子,先考虑一下从句中缺了什么成分?缺表语,即: it is 的表语,那就填what, 即:What has made Japan what it is today? 是什么使日本成为今天这个样子?句中第一个what是疑问性的,第二个what是名词性的。 2) 关于whoever和whomever的用法: 上面讲到,what具有疑问性和名词性。同样,讲到人"谁"时, 也有疑问性和名词性之分。现代语法规定,疑问性 "谁?"用who / whom,名词性"谁 = 那个人"用whoever/ whomever. (whoever / whomever = the person who / whom), 例如: 谁迟到就开除谁。该句中的"谁"不是问"哪个人迟到了?",而是说"迟到的那个人",显然是名词性的,应译为:Whoever comes late will be fired. 这也是目前语法考试的一个重点。 3) 用who 还是whom? We are talking about ______ will attend the meeting. (我们正在谈论谁去参加这个会议。) 在个句子中,尽管空格______的位置在介词about 后面,属介词宾语的一部分,但它在从句中做主语,因此还是应该填who 而不是填whom;此原则同样适用于whoever与 whomever之间的选择。 第三句话:其他情况,中文缺什么意思就补所需的带-wh的词(whether, where, when, how, why, who, whom, whose),例如: I wonder whether he will come in such bad weather. (天气这么糟糕,不知他是否会来。) 名词性从句有两个两个重点:what 和whoever 第十二讲 动词非谓语形式 一. 基本概念: 顾名思义,不担任谓语成分而担任其他语法功能的动词称为非谓语动词,有to do(动词不定式) / -ing (现在分词 / 动名词) / -ed (过去分词) 三个形式。由于他们不受主语人称和数的限制,故也称为"非限定动词".(学习中不要刻意去区分现在分词和动名词) 二. 非谓语动词的时态和语态意义: 英语中动词有两大基本特征:时态和语态的变化。非谓语动词也是动词,当然也具备动词的这两大特征。 1. 时态概念:非谓语动词只有"过去、现在和将来"三个时间概念,他与谓语动词时态的区别是:谓语动词表示的是实际时间概念,如I am learning English.是指讲话的时候或那段时间里"我正在学英语".而非谓语动词的"过去、现在和将来"是指相对于谓语动词而言的"过去、现在和将来",即先于谓语动词的行为或状态称为"过去时",与谓语动词的行为或状态发生在同一时间(段)的称为"现在时",而发生在谓语动词的行为或状态之后的称为"将来时".这个时间概念对于后面要讲的非谓语动词的句法功能是非常重要的。 2. 语态概念:与谓语动词一样,非谓语动词也有主动语态和被动语态之分。 将非谓语动词的上述时态和语态概念用表格归纳如下: to do -ing -ed 主动 被动 主动 被动 被动 将来时 to do to be done 现在时 doing (sth.) being done 过去时 to have done to have been done -ed 也就是要记住四句话: (1) 表示将来时; (2) 表示现在时; (3) 表示过去时(一定是被动的) (4) 动词不定式的完成时表示过去时 非谓语动词的上述时态和语态概念是理解非谓语动词句法功能、应试判题和翻译的基础。 请你判断一下,下面句子中的非谓语动词是什么时态和语态: Your duty is to look after the sick child. (你的责任是照料这个病孩。将来 / 主动) The sick child needs to be looked after by a special person. (这个病孩需要专人照顾。将来 / 被动) He is said to have studied hard and passed the examination. (据说他学习一直很用功并通过了考试。过去 / 主动) Five persons are reported to have been killed in the big fire. (据报道,有5人已在这场大火中丧生。过去 / 被动) Do you know the man sitting and reading a book there? (你认识坐在那里看书的那个人吗?现在 / 主动) Who is the patient being operated on? (正在接受手术的那个病人是谁啊?现在 / 被动) Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. (当选为委员的人将出席这次会议。过去 / 被动) 有了上述基本概念,就可以进一步讨论下面的问题了: 三. 非谓语动词的句法功能: 一个典型的句子共有以下五个基本成分: 主语 谓语 宾语 定语 状语 这里要讨论的是当英语中的一个动词处在主语、宾语、定语和状语位置时怎么处理,即非谓语成分时怎么处理。 1.主语: 首先,"to do" 和 "-ing"形式具有名词性,"-ed "不具备名词性。也就是说,"to do" 和 "-ing"可以做主语,例如: To learn a foreign language is not an easy thing. (= It is not an easy thing to learn English.) Learning a foreign language is not an easy thing. 问题是这两种表达方式有没有区别。语法上没有对或错的区别,因此不是语法考试的重点 一般讲,"to do"较具体的行为或状态,"-ing"表示较笼统的概念,如"学习外语对我来说并非易事"一般用"to do"来表达:To learn a foreign language. is not an easy thing for me. (或:It is not an easy thing for me to learn a foreign language.) 从应试角度讲,只要记住下面两个特殊句型就可以了: It is no use (或good) + ing结构,例如: It is no use quarreling with her. (和她争吵没有用。考试时不要选to quarrel with her) There is no + ing 结构,例如: There is no denying that women are playing more and more important roles in the world today.(不可否认,在当今世界上,妇女正发挥越来越重要的作用。) There is no joking about this matter. (这事开不得玩笑。) 第十三讲 虚拟语气概述 虚拟语气概述: 英语有三种语气:陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。对前两种语气,学生似乎比较熟悉,而对虚拟语气似乎感到比较难掌握。造成这种情况的主要原因,一是对虚拟语气有误解,认为虚拟语气表达的内容都是假的;二是将虚拟语气放在英语语法过高的地位上,原因之一是语法考试经常考虚拟语气,如2000年A卷20道语法题中有5道是虚拟语气的语法范畴;三是英语中虚拟语气的表达形式比较特殊。 其实,虚拟语气有两大类用法: 1. 在对"他人"作命令、推荐、建议、劝慰、说服时用虚拟语气形式表达,表示语气的客气或婉转,如: I would like you to answer this question. (我想请你来回答这个问题。) 这里的would like to (想),就是虚拟语气,相当于want to: 口语中常用的句型,象: Would you mind my smoking here?(我在这里抽烟你不介意吧?) It might a good idea to wait and see.(观望或许是个好主意。) Could you tell me where the post office is?(能告诉我邮局怎么走吗?) You'd better bring an umbrella with you; it's thundering. (你最好带上雨伞;天在打雷。) I'd rather stay at home in such bad weather.(这种恶劣天气我宁可呆在家里。) 等句子都属于虚拟语气的范畴,注意这里的动词都采用了"过去时"的形式。 2. 表达与事实相反或(几乎)不可能实现的事,这可能就是一般人概念中的虚拟语气,如: If only there had been a doctor at the moment. (当时有个医生就好了。- 实际情况是当时没有医生) 第十四讲 虚拟语气的句型分类和用法 虚拟语气的句型分类和用法: 虚拟语气可以粗略地分为两大类: 第一类:should 型虚拟式 第二类:were 型虚拟式 1.should 型虚拟式:should + 原形动词(往往省去should, 特别是在考试时) 这类虚拟式最多用在以下词或句型中: (1) It is necessary that…的主语从句中,如: It is necessary that the chief should be present personally at the meeting.(主任有必要亲自参加这次会议。) 只要看到"necessary",马上要想到这是"should型"虚拟式。 记住下面构成"should型"虚拟式的词: essential (必要的) / important(重要的) / necessary(必要的) / imperative(迫切的)/ impossible(不可能的)/ natural(自然的)/ preferable(更好的)/ advisable(合理的)/ desirable(理想的)/ urgent(紧迫的)/ incredible(难以想象的) (2) order (命令) / recommend(推荐)/ suggest(建议)/ demand(要求) / command(命令)/ propose(建议)/ require(要求)/ request(请求) / insist(坚持认为)/ urge(主张) / advise(劝告)/ ask(要求)/ prefer(宁愿)/ desire(愿望)/ move(提议)/ vote(提议) 由这些词构成的宾语从句,主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句或其他有关句型时,都要使用"should型"虚拟式,例如: It was ordered that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once. (主语从句) The order was that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once.(表语从句) The chief ordered that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once.(宾语从句) The order that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once was sent to the branch office.(同位语从句) (3) 在 in case / lest = for fear that(以免… / 以防…) 结构中,例如: He took a raincoat with him in case it should rain (或用真实语气:…in case it rained) She put a wool blanket over the child for fear that (lest) he should catch a cold. (她把一条毛毯盖在孩子身上,以防他感冒。) 可见,此类虚拟语气比较容易接受,考试时只要认准了上面的那些字一般就不难作出准确选择。 就解题而言,考生要注意:1)A的位置往往安排干扰项,如使用must, may, might, could等类词进行干扰;2)句中往往省去should, 直接用否定词not + 原形动词的形式,以"迷惑"考生,例如: The housemaster(男舍监)was very strict.He asked that we ______ television on week nights. A. must not watch B. not watch C. should not have watched D. not be watching 该题中的"ask"意为"要求",故是个"should型"虚拟式, 正确答案为B. (4)在it is surprising, disappointing, a pity, a shame, no wonder, simply a miracle + 从句的结构中,表示惊讶、高兴或遗憾,例如: It is surprising that she should look so miserable. (真是奇怪,她竟看上去如此不高兴。) It is a great pity that you should miss such a good film. (你要是错过了这样好的电影那真是遗憾。) 2.were型虚拟式: 所谓were型虚拟式,就是借用行为动词过去时的某个形式以及be动词的"were"这个形式来表达某种虚拟的语气。 由于were型虚拟式主要用在if非真实条件句中,而且它是其他were型虚拟式句型的基础,所以我们先要搞清楚if非真实条件句。 (1) if非真实条件句: 条件句分为真实条件句和非真实条件句: 真实条件句是指真实的或可以实现的条件句,例如:If we work together, we are sure to finish the task in time. (如果我们大家一起努力,就一定能按时完成任务), 动词使用的是真实的时态和形式。 非真实条件句是指对已经发生过的事情,或对不可能发生或实现的事进行假设,例如:"如果当时有医生在,这个孩子就有可能得救了",显然,这是对已发生的事情的一种假设,该句的英语表达为:If there had been a doctor available, the child might have been saved. 为了便于理解和记忆,我们用表格形式加以归纳: 时间 动词形式 举例 过去 if条件句:had done / had been 结果句:would have done / been If there had been a doctor available, the child might have been saved. 倒装:Had there been a doctor available, the child might have been saved 现在 if条件句:did / be动词用were 结果句: would do (be) If I were you, I would accept his offer. (如果我是你的话,我就接受他的提议。) 倒装:Were I you, I would accept his offer. If I knew the fact, I would tell you. (我要是知道,我就会告诉你) 不可以倒装 将来 if条件句: should do (be) / were to 结果句:would do (be) If it should rain tomorrow, we would stay at home. (一旦明天下雨,我们就呆在家里。) 倒装:Should it rain tomorrow, we would stay at home. If he were to come this evening, I would ask him to help solve the problem. (要是他晚上会来,我就请他帮助解决这个问题。) 倒装:Were he to come this evening, I would ask him to help solve the problem. 这里关键是要掌握好两点: (A) 虚拟行为或状态发生的时间:过去?现在?还是将来? (B) 采用了什么相应的动词形式? 补充说明: (A) 当 "if "省略后,要采用倒装形式,如举例所示; (B) 如果所说的条件是永远不可逆转的。如"如果我是你的话"(我永远不可能变为你),即使是对过去的假设,也用"现在"虚拟式表示,例如: If I were you, I would have taken his advice. (要是换了我,我就采纳他的意见了。) (C) 结果句中的would 可以根据内容需要,使用might, could或should,例如:If she had known that you were there, she might have come.(要是她知道你在哪儿,她或许会来的。)但是"将来"虚拟式条件句中的should是将来时的"标志词",不能用would代替,不要搞错了。 (D) 关于含蓄虚拟式:含蓄虚拟式是指虚拟的条件用一种比较含蓄的方式加以表达的虚拟语气,如:"我昨天很忙,要不就来参加你的生日派对了".其中的"我很忙"是真实情况,"要不就来参加你的生日派对了"则是虚拟的:I was very busy yesterday, or I would have come to your birthday party. 所以,注意句子中出现的:but, or(否则), otherwise(否则), without(要不是),with(要是有),but that(要不是), but for(要不是), if it were not for / 过去:if it had not been for(要不是 ) 等用来引出含蓄虚拟式的词或短语,例如:But for (或without) your cooperation, we would not have completed the experiment so smoothly.(要不是你们的合作,我们不可能那样顺利地完成这个实验。) (2) were型虚拟式的其他用法 (同样要遵守"过去、现在、将来"的虚拟规则): ●wish宾语从句: I wish that he had not made so much fuss about it.(真希望他不要把那事搞大了。- 过去) I wish that I were a doctor. (我希望我是个医生就好了。- 现在) (注:这个句型中也可以用I wish that I was a doctor.) I wish that the rain would stop. (真希望雨能停下来。将来) ●If only…(要是…就好了) If only you hadn't offended him. (你当时不惹他就好了。- 过去) If only I had some money on hand now. (我现在手头有些钱就好了。-现在) If only he could come tomorrow. (他明天能来有多好啊。-将来) ●It is (about / high) time that….(是…的时候了) 由于该句型只能用在"现在"时间,所以从句的动词只能是"过去时"形式,例如: It is high time (that) we began to work. (咱们该开始工作了。) ●As if (though)…(似乎…) 这个句型可以是陈述语气,也可以是虚拟语气。虚拟语气的时态变化原则与"wish"用法相同,例如: She loves the children in the kindergarten as if they were her own. (她象自己孩子一样热爱幼儿园的孩子门。 - 现在) He talked about China as if he had been there. (他谈起中国来好象去过那里。) It looks as if it is going to rain.(看来天要下雨。- 陈述语气) ●Would (had) rather, would just as soon, would sooner, would prefer + 从句结构 这几个句型都表示一种"婉转的责备",中文常有"还不如…","宁可…""倒希望…"等意思,例如: I'd rather she stayed at home in such a bad health condition. (她身体这么差,我倒希望你呆在家里。- 现在) I would just as soon you had returned him the money yesterday. (你还不如昨天就把钱还给他了。- 过去) I would prefer he didn't stay there too long. (我倒不希望他不要在那儿呆得时间太长。) 比较: I would prefer that she act the young lady. (我倒认为她演哪个年轻女子比较合适。- 表示建议,用 "should型虚拟式") 做虚拟语气的题目,归纳起来就是两句话: 一是,看清是什么形式的虚拟式,"should型"还是 "were型"? 二是,如果是were型虚拟式,看清句中所给的时态:"过去"、"现在"、"将来"? 这里的关键是:要对构成虚拟语气的词、词组和句型比较敏感。 职称英语语法:第十五讲 第十五 情态动词的完成式 情态动词的完成式: can / may / should / ought to / must / need等动词称为情态动词。情态动词有三大特征:一是无人称和数的变化,二是后面跟的动词不带"to",三是后面 + not构成否定式,比较: He needn't go there so early. (他不需要去那么早。- 情态动词) You do not need to be an expert to make this simple design. (这么简单的设计不一定非要专家来做。- 动作动词) 在讲解"情态动词完成式"前,先将一般式中应注意的几个问题提一下,以引起必要的重视。 1.情态动词一般式中应注意的几个问题: 注意以下用法的习惯与区别: He must be a doctor. (他准是个医生。) 否定:He can't be a doctor. (他不会是个医生。- 注意:一般不用must' be ) 又如:They can't be working now.(现在他们不可能在工作。) May I go now? 回答:Yes, please. / Please don't. (或:No, you mustn't) have to 与 must 1) 当强调"外界原因"时,2) 当与"将来时"结合时,用have to, 例如: Since it is raining, we have to sty indoors. You will have to hurry if you want to catch the 9:30 train. (你要是赶9:30的火车,得赶紧。) 3) 表示自然规律或必然结果,用must, 例如: All men must die. ( 人固有一死。) can 与be able to can表示能力,但不一定做了或做成了;be able to 表示有能力并且做成了,相当于succeed in doing, 例如: The patient is able to walk now. (说明病人原来是丧失了走的能力的,现在自己能走了) The patient can walk now. (可能的情况是,病人是能走的,但医生不让他走,如急性心梗后医生不让病人走动。) Shall I / we(第一人称)…? 表示征求对方意见;(第二、三人称) + shall…表示"允诺"或"警告,例如: Shall I fetch a doctor for you? (要我为你请个医生来吗?) You shall be sorry for what you have done. (你会为你所做的事后悔的。) Will you….? 表示请求, 例如: Don't' be late for the meeting next time, will you? (下次开会别迟到了,好吗?) 比较:I would remind you that smoking is forbidden here. (表示"婉转的建议或请求":我想提醒你,这里不能抽烟。) needn't 的肯定式为must,例如: You needn't see him, but I must. (你不必去看他,但我得去。) cannot but + 原形动词 (意思相当于have to), 例如: I cannot but tell you the truth. (我不得不给你说实话。) 2.情态动词的完成式: 情态动词的一般式用于表达"现在"或"将来"的情况,而情态动词的完成式则用来表达"已经发生的事情",例如:"你不应该来得那么晚。"这是对已经发生的事情(你来晚了)表示自己的看法:You shouldn't have come so late. 将常用、常考的几个情态动词完成式列表说明如下: must (not) have done 表示对已发生的事情的"判断",中文常表达为:"准是…" It must have rained last night; the ground is wet.(昨晚准是下雨了,地上湿漉漉的。) should (not) have done / ought (not) to have done 表示"事与愿违",中文常表达为:"(不)该…","本(不)该…" The baby was cut badly; she shouldn't (oughtn't to) have let him play with the scissors. (孩子伤得很厉害;她不该让他玩剪刀。) may / can (not) have done 表示"本(不)可能" She may have known the news; she is crying. (她可能已经知道那个消息了;她在哭。) need (not) have done 表示"本(不)需要" You needn't have bought that dictionary; I have got a spare one. (你实际上没有必要买那本字典;我有一本多余的。) 由于在没有情景的情况下很难区分情态动词一般式和完成式,例如"你不该去",究竟是You shouldn't go there. 还是 You shouldn't have gone there, 因此考试的时候往往会给出情景,这对判题非常重要,如上面表格例子中的"the ground is wet","the baby was cut badly","she is crying", 都是题目所给的情景。 [ ]查看更多3个回答 . 4人已关注