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硫酸渣资源化开发与利用? 这本书如何?请看过的此书的讨论下。查看更多 4个回答 . 4人已关注
油田污水处理新技术新装备述评? 【英文篇名】 Remarks on new techniques and equipment for oilfield sewage treatment 【作者中文名】 [url=]马卫国[/url]; 【作者英文名】 [url=]Ma Weiguo(Jianghan Mahcinery Research Institute[/url]; [url=]Jingzhou City[/url]; [url=]Hubei Province).[/url]; 【作者单位】 [url=]江汉机械研究所[/url]; 【文献出处】 石油机械 , China Petroleum Machinery , 编辑部邮箱 2003年 12期 期刊荣誉: 【关键词】 [url=]油田污水处理[/url]; [url=] 水处理设备 [/url]; [url=]述评[/url]; 【英文关键词】 [url=]oilfield waste water treatment water treatment equipment review[/url]; 【摘要】 针对油田污水处理、回注的不同工艺要求 ,最近研制开发出油田污水精细处理装置、小区块油田橇装式污 水处理装置 、旋流混合反应澄清装置及液 液旋流分离系统等新装备 ,在室内试验及现场试验中均取得了良好的效果。按照“安全可靠 ,经济高效 ,节能降耗”的原则 ,提出我国油气田地面注采及污水处理技术的发展建议 1)注聚、稠油、特稠油的污水处理是今后油田污水处理的主攻方向。 (2 )加强高含水油田节能降耗水处理技术的研究。 (3)加强低渗透、小断块油田地面污水处理工艺技术研究。 【英文摘要】 In the light of the various technological requirements of oilfield sewage treatment and reinjection, several new equipment are developed, including sewage fine treatment device, skid-mounted sewage treatment system for small-block oilfield, vortex sedimentation tank and liquid-liquid hydrocyclone. Suggestions for waste water treatment in the oil fields in China are put forward: (1) main aims of oilfield water treatment lie in sewage treatment in polymer injection and heavy oil production; (2) strengthening ... 查看更多 1个回答 . 5人已关注
氯乙烯作业指导书? 给大家发些有用的东西 .注← ) # ← , 。 查看更多 0个回答 . 5人已关注
汽油仓储损耗多少在合理范围?? 有一3000方的 内浮顶罐 ,计划装 汽油 ,为期3个月。那么损耗控制在多少以内才算合格呢?以前听说过千分之五的说法,不知道有无相关标准。请各位专家指点迷津。查看更多 6个回答 . 5人已关注
哪位朋友有solidworks软件? 不好意思打扰各位,哪位有三维的solidworks软件,或者用什么三维软件可以打开solidworks作的图谢谢了查看更多 2个回答 . 3人已关注
水处理-污泥问答? <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><STRONG><FONT color=#0000cc><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1.</FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">污泥按照来源的分类</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">?</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face=宋体>  污泥<SPAN lang=EN-US>(sludge) </SPAN>是由水和污水处理过程所产生的固体沉淀物质。</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体>  由于各类污泥的性质变化较大,分类是非常必要的,其处理和处置也是不尽相同的。根据其来源,可以划分为:</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体>  - 市政污泥<SPAN lang=EN-US>(civil sludge</SPAN>,也叫排水水泥<SPAN lang=EN-US>sewage sludge,)</SPAN>,主要指来自污水厂的污泥,这是数量最大的一类污泥。此外,自来水厂的污泥也来自市政设施,可以归入这一类。</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体>  - 管网污泥,来自排水收集系统的污泥。</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体>  - 河湖淤泥,来自江河、湖泊的淤泥。</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体>  - 工业污泥,来自各种工业生产所产生的固体与水、油、化学污染、有机质的混合物。</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体>  在非特指环境下,污泥一般指市政排水污泥。<SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com<img src=" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><STRONG><FONT color=#0000cc><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2.</FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">污泥如何从废水中产生?</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face=宋体>  废水的处理是由一系列物理化学和生物处理过程组成的</FONT><FONT face=宋体><SPAN lang=EN-US>:<BR></SPAN>  <SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>沉淀<SPAN lang=EN-US>(</SPAN>使用或不使用化学絮凝剂<SPAN lang=EN-US>)</SPAN>、过滤、滤清</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体>  <SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>通过微生物进行好氧和厌氧处理,产生有机复合物</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体>  <SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>生化脱氮和脱磷</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体>  <SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>消化处理并产生沼气</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体>  在废水净化过程中,废水中的污染物经生化降解集中去除。生物处理可将大部分有机污染物降解为水和气体(好氧处理产生<SPAN lang=EN-US>CO<SUB>2</SUB></SPAN>、<SPAN lang=EN-US>O<SUB>2</SUB></SPAN>,厌氧处理产生<SPAN lang=EN-US>CH<SUB>4</SUB></SPAN>为主的气体),金属污染物(包括重金属)则不能处理而集中到污泥中。</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体>  污泥是经各级污水处理后产生的固形物,是污水处理厂不可避免的副产品。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><STRONG><FONT color=#0000cc><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3.</FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">污泥根据污水处理工艺如何分类?</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face=宋体>  污水处理厂的污泥根据处理的工艺级别不同,可以分为以下几种:</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体>  <SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>初沉污泥<SPAN lang=EN-US>(Primary)</SPAN>:只经过物理<SPAN lang=EN-US>-</SPAN>化学处理</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体>  <SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>二沉污泥<SPAN lang=EN-US>(Secondary)</SPAN>:生物处理后的污泥</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体>  <SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>三沉污泥<SPAN lang=EN-US>(Tertiary)</SPAN>:脱磷<SPAN lang=EN-US>/</SPAN>脱氮后的污泥</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体>  根据污泥的性质,又可以区分为:</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体>  <SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>未消化生污泥(<SPAN lang=EN-US>undigested</SPAN>)</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体>  <SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>消化污泥</FONT><FONT face=宋体><SPAN lang=EN-US>(digested)<BR></SPAN>  污泥的消化又有好氧与厌氧之分。</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体>  各个级别的污泥的物理化学性质不同,消化和未消化污泥的性质差别更大。很多后端处理工艺必须了解前端污泥的性质才能确定其处理方式。</FONT></SPAN></P><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face=宋体> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><STRONG><FONT color=#0000cc><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">4.</FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">什么是污泥干化?</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">  污水处理所产生的污泥具有较高的含水量,由于水分与污泥颗粒结合的特性,采用机械方法脱除具有一定的限制,污泥中的有机质含量、灰分比例特别是蓄凝剂的添加量对于最终含固率有着重要影响。一般来说,采用机械脱水可以获得<SPAN lang=EN-US>20</SPAN>%-<SPAN lang=EN-US>30</SPAN>%的含固率,所形成的污泥也被称为泥饼。泥饼的含水率仍然较高,具有流体性质,其处置难度和成本仍然较高,因此有必要进一步减量。此时,在自然风干之外,只有通过输入热量形成蒸发,才能够实现大规模减量。采用热量进行干燥的处理就是热干化。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><STRONG><FONT color=#0000cc><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">5.</FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">污泥干化关注的经济参数有哪些?</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">  污泥干化是水分蒸发的过程。为了进行干化项目的调研,以确定减量处理的规模,必须了解有关污泥项目的一些经济参数,这些参数包括:<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  <SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>机械脱水后的湿泥含固率<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  <SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>最终处置的目的、类型<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  <SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>当地能够找到的廉价热能及其价格指数<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><STRONG><FONT color=#0000cc><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">6.</FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">干化工艺关注的污泥技术参数有哪些?</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">  污泥成分是根据污水厂的来水水质变化的,当然在很大程度上也会受到污水处理工艺的影响。最终会对干化工艺产生重大影响的内容则是蓄凝剂添加量。对干化工艺来说,以下内容值得注意,这些内容通常是通过试验来确认其干化效果的:<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  <SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>污泥中蓄凝剂含量;<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  <SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>污泥的粘度、弹性;<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  <SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>有机物在干物质中的比例<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  <SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>磨蚀性成分的比例(如沙、石等)<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  <SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>腐蚀性成分的浓度(如氯、硫等)<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  <SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN> 油脂类 物质的百分比<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><STRONG><FONT color=#0000cc><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">7. </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">脱水污泥是怎么来的?</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">  污水中的污染物和营养成分在大量繁殖的细菌作用下,在 化学药 剂的作用下形成聚集,逐渐增大的团粒结构最终在水中沉淀下来,形成污泥。进一步添加高分子絮凝剂,采用物理方法浓缩,可以脱去大部分或一部分所谓的自由态水,形成我们所见到的脱水污泥。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  因此经生物处理所得到的污泥,其有机物构成主要就是这些微生物细菌。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  因污泥成分不同,未消化的市政污水污泥的有机物含量可能占到干物质的<SPAN lang=EN-US>60%</SPAN>-<SPAN lang=EN-US>75%</SPAN>,高效消化处理后减半。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  有机硝酸盐是污泥中的主要有效成分。施用到土壤里,硝酸盐经生物降解可改善土壤。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><STRONG><FONT color=#0000cc><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">8. </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">脱水污泥为什么含水率很高?</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">  污水厂污泥脱水车间出来的污泥具有很强的流动性,这是因为其含水率很高,一般在<SPAN lang=EN-US>75</SPAN>%-<SPAN lang=EN-US>85</SPAN>%,这是污泥本身的性质决定的。根据分析,污泥与水分子的结合非常紧密,并具有不同的相态:<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  <SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>自由态水:可经重力沉淀和机械作用去除<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  <SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>物理性结合水:须更多能量去除(如加热)<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>   <SPAN lang=EN-US>-</SPAN>毛细管<SPAN lang=EN-US>/</SPAN>间隙水<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>   <SPAN lang=EN-US>-</SPAN>胶态<SPAN lang=EN-US>/</SPAN>表面吸附水<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  <SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>化学性结合水:只有打破化学键才能去除,被称为<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>平衡水<SPAN lang=EN-US>”<BR></SPAN>   <SPAN lang=EN-US>-</SPAN>细胞内的水<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>   <SPAN lang=EN-US>-</SPAN>分子水<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><STRONG><FONT color=#0000cc><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">9. </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">污泥对人体是否有害?</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">  在污水处理过程中,细菌及大部分寄生生物留存在污泥中,病毒可以吸附在污水中的颗粒上,随颗粒的沉淀也沉积到污泥中。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  生污泥中病原菌的数量每克以亿计,这些微生物包括:大肠菌、大肠粪菌、 粪链球菌 、噬菌体、沙门氏菌、痢疾菌属、铜绿色极毛杆菌、寄生虫卵<SPAN lang=EN-US>/</SPAN>幼虫、蛔虫、鞭虫、群体鞭虫、弓蛔虫、膜翅目幼虫、肠道病毒等。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  由于市政污水的来源是人类生活环境、大肠菌、大肠粪菌、粪链球菌等是哺乳动物直肠正常的排出物、它们的数量在污水和污泥中基本保持恒定。而其它各种病原菌如沙门氏菌、痢疾菌、肠道病毒(例如脊髓灰质炎病毒、柯萨奇病毒、肝炎病毒、轮状病毒)和寄生生物(例如蛔虫、鞭虫、内阿米巴虫)在污水<SPAN lang=EN-US>/</SPAN>污泥中的比率同当地传染病的流行有关。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  显然,机械脱水后的污泥如果处置不当,进入人类的食物链,必然会导致疾病的传播。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><STRONG><FONT color=#0000cc><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">10.</FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">工业污泥有哪些特点?</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">  工业污泥根据其来源,有着非常大的差异。这些差异主要表现在其粘度、吸湿性、污染物性质、含油率、含水率、有机质比例、无机物比例等多方面。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  比较市政污泥来说,其粘度大、含油率高、无机物比例高,有时使得其处理难度更高。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  来自化学、制药工业的污泥因其高浓度的污染成份,必须妥善处置。来自石油、冶金、制革、发酵、食品、屠宰等行业的污泥均可以分别处理并资源化。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><STRONG><FONT color=#0000cc><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">11. </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">污泥的数量是如何估算的?</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">  污泥的数量估算一般有两个方法:<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  <SPAN lang=EN-US>&lt;1&gt; </SPAN>根据污水处理量和含固率进行估算。比如某城市平均污水含固率<SPAN lang=EN-US>0.02%</SPAN>,日处理量<SPAN lang=EN-US>60</SPAN>万吨,脱水污泥含固率<SPAN lang=EN-US>20</SPAN>%,则年产湿泥饼:<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>   <SPAN lang=EN-US>600,000 x 0.02% x 360 / 20% = 216,000 </SPAN>吨<SPAN lang=EN-US>/</SPAN>年<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  <SPAN lang=EN-US>&lt;2&gt; </SPAN>根据人口估算。比如某城市<SPAN lang=EN-US>2,400,000</SPAN>人口,典型人均日产污泥<SPAN lang=EN-US>(</SPAN>干<SPAN lang=EN-US>)50</SPAN>克,脱水污泥含固率<SPAN lang=EN-US>20</SPAN>%,则年产湿泥饼:<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>   <SPAN lang=EN-US>2,400,000 x 50 / 1,000,000 x 360 / 20% = 216,000 </SPAN>吨<SPAN lang=EN-US>/</SPAN>年<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  后者是国外通行的计算方式,欧共体<SPAN lang=EN-US>14</SPAN>国的人均污泥日产量是<SPAN lang=EN-US>58</SPAN>克<SPAN lang=EN-US>(2000</SPAN>年数据<SPAN lang=EN-US>)</SPAN>。根据专家的测算,可以考虑我国人均日产污泥为<SPAN lang=EN-US>50</SPAN>克<SPAN lang=EN-US>(</SPAN>干物质<SPAN lang=EN-US>)</SPAN>。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><STRONG><FONT color=#0000cc><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">12. </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">污泥问题开始提上日程的原因是什么?</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">  污泥问题日益显得突出的原因在于早期建设的一批污水处理厂在长期摸索和试验后,仍然没有找到好的处置方案,而用于堆放、弃置、填埋的资源越来越少,各地环保部门的监管力度加强,而我国的污水处理正在以前所未有的速度发展和扩大,污泥的处置成为一个棘手的问题。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  按照我国的城市人口基数,既便只有<SPAN lang=EN-US>1</SPAN>亿人口的污水被处理,每天也将产生<SPAN lang=EN-US>25000</SPAN>吨含固率<SPAN lang=EN-US>20</SPAN>%的污泥泥饼,这部分泥饼如果按照最高<SPAN lang=EN-US>2</SPAN>米来堆放,每年需要<SPAN lang=EN-US>600</SPAN>个国际标准足球场。对于城市来说,周边土地资源已经难以满足需要。因此污泥的合理处置迟早必须进行。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><STRONG><FONT color=#0000cc><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">13. </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">污泥是一种危险的固体废物吗?</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">  污泥不同于其它的固体废物,在于它具有以下几个主要特征:<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  - 含水率高,多达<SPAN lang=EN-US>70</SPAN>%以上,这部分水份难以焚烧,运输成本高,堆放占地面积大,直接填埋则会使填埋场提前报废。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  - 微生物、病原体含量高,不加处理,直接施用或弃置,可能会污染食物链。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  - 恶臭污染环境,同时向大气排放温室气体(是二氧化碳的<SPAN lang=EN-US>20</SPAN>倍);<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  - 超细粉末,在热干化和处理过程中存在较大的危险。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  - 含有重金属,如果不加控制施用,可能污染土地,造成不可逆的耕地退化;<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  目前污泥的危害还鲜为人知,常常被非法取用,造成土地的重金属积累超标、土地板结,人类居住环境和食物被无意中污染和破坏。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  欧共体将污水厂和自来水厂污泥划为<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>特殊垃圾<SPAN lang=EN-US>”(</SPAN>不是<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>危险垃圾<SPAN lang=EN-US>”)</SPAN>,必须具有资格的企业按照规定的程序进行妥善处理,不得弃置。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><STRONG><FONT color=#0000cc><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">14. </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">污泥有用吗?</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">  污泥因为主要成分包含有机质和矿物质,因此可以用来产生肥效,改良土壤。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  污泥的有机质具有一定的热值(<SPAN lang=EN-US>2200</SPAN>-<SPAN lang=EN-US>3000</SPAN>大卡<SPAN lang=EN-US>/</SPAN>公斤<SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>干污泥),因此经过处理后,可以作为低热值的燃料加以利用。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  由于其含有大量的无机质,在处理后也可以作为建材的原料。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  毫无疑问,以上三种现有的利用途径均要求这些利用在经济上是可行的,在卫生方面是安全的。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><STRONG><FONT color=#0000cc><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">15. </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">污泥的处理和处置有什么不同?</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">  污泥的处置指的是给污泥一个最终的归宿:要么作为肥料施用到农田、绿化等土壤中,成为土壤的一部分;要么加以资源化利用,形成有用的材料,如铺路的渣土、水泥、制砖等;要么填埋,未加任何利用,且耗费土地资源而弃置。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  任何不能达到最终安置的过程,都可以算作处理。比如污泥堆肥,杀灭细菌和熟化后才能产生安全的肥效;焚烧最终还会产生灰烬,这部分的数量要占到原干物质质量的<SPAN lang=EN-US>40</SPAN>%以上,因此还要考虑填埋或利用;干化是为了去掉泥饼中的大部分水份,节约运输成本,减少占地,少付填埋费,并为其它的最终处置方案提供减量、卫生化和经济性条件。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><STRONG><FONT color=#0000cc><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">16. </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">我国污泥现在是如何处置的?</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">  我国的污泥目前绝大部分是弃置或填埋的,只有极小量的进行干化后用于制作混合肥。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  由于我国的填埋场标准实施较晚,旧的填埋场接纳污泥,可能造成大量的污泥污染物随渗滤液从地表进入深层,甚至威胁地下水和江河湖海。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  无规则的弃置仍是主要消纳途径,其中一小部分进入了农田,这些弃置无论在近期还是远期都将成为地表水和地下水的潜在污染源。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><STRONG><FONT color=#0000cc><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">17. </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">污泥是否会造成二次污染?</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">  污泥是一种污染治理工艺的副产物,这种副产物富含微生物、病原体、病毒等,具有较强的污染性质。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  污泥如果处置不当,其污染传播的途径是很广泛的。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  首先,污泥的含水率极高,除了一部分自然蒸发到空气中外,大部分将渗入地表土层,并在雨水等的冲刷下进入地表水系统或影响地下水,污泥中的污染物将沿着这两种途径进行传播。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  其次,没有进行卫生化的污泥进入农田以至菜地,可能直接威胁人类的食物链。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  第三,污泥散发恶臭,可能影响相当大的一片周边环境。排放的气体是污染严重的温室气体。此外,污泥的数量庞大,储运这些污泥需要较大的空间和很多的工具,这些空间和工具都可能被污染,要做到与其它接触食物链的世界有效<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>隔绝<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>有一定难度。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><STRONG><FONT color=#0000cc><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">18. </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">污泥具有肥效吗?</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">  根据国内专家们的研究,污泥的肥效对比典型的农家厩肥是明显占优的:<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"> <TABLE class=MsoNormalTable style="BACKGROUND: #666666; WIDTH: 411.75pt; mso-cellspacing: .7pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt" cellSpacing=1 cellPadding=0 width=549 border=0> <TBODY> <TR> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 148.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=198> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">&nbsp; </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 69.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=93> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>有机成份</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体>%<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=86> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>氮</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体>%<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=86> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>磷</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体>%<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=86> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>钾</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体>%<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR> <TR> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 148.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=198> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>天津开发区污水厂消化污泥<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 69.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=93> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>42.8-44.62<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=86> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>3.59-3.78<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=86> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>1.58-1.94<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=86> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>0.28-0.33<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR> <TR> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 148.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=198> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>天津纪庄子污水厂消化污泥<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 69.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=93> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>48-53<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=86> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>2.4-3.9<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=86> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>1.2-3.5<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=86> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>0.32-0.43<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR> <TR> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 148.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=198> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>天津东郊污水厂混合污泥<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 69.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=93> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>51-53<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=86> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>3.04-3.18<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=86> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>1.24-1.47<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=86> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>-<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR> <TR> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 148.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=198> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>猪厩肥<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 69.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=93> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>25.0<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=86> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>0.45<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=86> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>0.083<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=86> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>-<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR> <TR> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 148.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=198> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>马厩肥<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 69.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=93> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>25.0<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=86> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>0.58<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=86> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>0.122<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=86> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>-<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR> <TR> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 148.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=198> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>牛厩肥<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 69.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=93> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>20.0<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=86> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>0.34<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=86> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>0.070<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=86> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>-<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 148.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=198> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>羊厩肥<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 69.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=93> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>31.8<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=86> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>0.84<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=86> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>1.100<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=86> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>-<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><STRONG><FONT color=#0000cc><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">19. </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">为什么说污泥农用是最佳出路?</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">  污泥农用乃是污泥最终处置手段中的最佳选择,这不仅是污泥的有机质含量决定的,也是其庞大的数量和增值潜力所决定的。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  已经施用过多化肥的土地变得越来越贫瘠,土地的良性循环被破坏,只有大量输入有机质,才能够改良土壤,对于此目的,污泥是一种廉价、理想的来源。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  当然,污泥中重金属的含量对于农用有着重要影响。值得注意的是,随着工业污染治理的加强,流入市政管网的未加处理的工业污水越来越少,这样对于控制污泥的重金属含量,使之能够达到农用的安全级别,已经是可以期待的了。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  污泥农用事实上也包含林业、花卉业等,那些与人类食物链无关的绿色产业,可以提供给污泥的产品极好的出路,并具有较好的价格空间。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  只有农用出路所提供的潜在价格空间可以覆盖污泥处理所需的大部分成本,焚烧和填埋目前的成本对于本来就资金短缺的污水处理厂来说负担较大。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><STRONG><FONT color=#0000cc><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">20. </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">污泥堆肥的意义何在?</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">  污泥堆肥是一种有效的污泥处理方式,它利用适当的菌种和机械翻动,使污泥在一定长的时间里(几天到十几天)产生发酵、升温并熟化,通过温度的作用可以有效杀灭污泥中的有害微生物和病原体,很大一部分水份得到蒸发,从而获得符合农用要求的有机肥。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  这一做法的优点是不耗用大量的热能,同样可以达到减量的目的,设备投资相对不高。缺点是时间长,占地面积巨大,需要很高的投资才能避免恶臭污染环境。这种方法在处理大规模的市政污泥时有一定限制。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><STRONG><FONT color=#0000cc><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">21. </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">污泥农用有什么规定要遵守吗?</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">  污泥农用必须遵守一个前提:只有经过热干化或生物堆肥、化学稳定化处理的污泥才能施用。干化厂或堆肥厂必须对所出厂的污泥进行例行检测,除了保障农用产品必须具备基本的肥效外,并对所有的检测结果、施用目的的保留完整的记录;同时,使用者应该在专家的指导下定量施用,并定期对土壤进行抽样检测,以确保施用的效果以及土壤不会发生逆向变化。同样,污泥农用必须对种植的作物、重金属的含量作出完整的记录以资比较。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><STRONG><FONT color=#0000cc><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">22. </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">污泥能否焚烧?</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">  污泥具有一定的热值,但是远远低于煤炭。污泥的焚烧必须首先进行干化或半干化,在引燃时添加少量辅助燃料,其后可以达到自燃。采用先进的热交换系统,可以依靠污泥焚烧所产生的热能进行干化,其热量可以满足大部分甚至全部干化的需要。未经干化或半干化处理的污泥焚烧由于过多的水份将难以点燃,其热量平衡为负数,即必须添加燃料才能维持焚烧。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"> <TABLE class=MsoNormalTable style="BACKGROUND: #666666; mso-cellspacing: .7pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt" cellSpacing=1 cellPadding=0 border=0> <TBODY> <TR> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 221.25pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=295 colSpan=2> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>燃料种类<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 222pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=296 colSpan=2> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>发热量与百分比<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR> <TR> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 221.25pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=295 colSpan=2> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">&nbsp; </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 111.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=149> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>发热量<SPAN lang=EN-US>(kJ/kg)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 110.25pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=147> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>百分比<SPAN lang=EN-US>(%)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR> <TR> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 221.25pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=295 colSpan=2> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>煤炭<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 111.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=149> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>33000<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 110.25pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=147> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>100<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR> <TR> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 221.25pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=295 colSpan=2> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>焦炭<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 111.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=149> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>31500<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 110.25pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=147> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>95.5<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR> <TR> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 221.25pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=295 colSpan=2> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>褐煤<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 111.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=149> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>24000<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 110.25pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=147> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>72.7<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR> <TR> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 221.25pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=295 colSpan=2> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>木材<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 111.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=149> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>19000<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 110.25pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=147> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>57.6<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR> <TR> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 221.25pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=295 colSpan=2> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>泥煤<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 111.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=149> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>18000<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 110.25pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=147> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>54.5<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR> <TR> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 110.25pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=147> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>城市污水厂<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 110.25pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=147> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>初沉污泥<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 111.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=149> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>10715-18920<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 110.25pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=147> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>32.5-55.1<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR> <TR> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 110.25pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=147> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">&nbsp; </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 110.25pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=147> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>二沉活性污泥<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 111.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=149> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>13295-15215<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 110.25pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=147> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>40.3-46.1<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 110.25pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=147> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">&nbsp; </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 110.25pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=147> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>混合污泥<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 111.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=149> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>12005-16957<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 110.25pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" vAlign=top width=147> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><FONT face=宋体>36.4-51.4<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><STRONG><FONT color=#0000cc><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">23. </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">污泥的填埋有哪些问题?</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">  脱水泥饼直接填埋本身是对资源的严重浪费,此外,还可能对填埋场形成诸多困难:<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  - 填埋场一般是一层垃圾一层覆土,然后进行碾压,以确保更好的空间利用。污泥的高含水率、高粘度经常使得碾压机械打滑甚至深陷其中,给填埋操作带来困难。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  - 污泥的流变性使得填埋体易变形和滑坡,成为人为的<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>沼泽地<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>,给填埋场带来极大安全隐患。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  - 污泥的高含水率大大增加了填埋场渗滤液处理量,由于污泥细小,经常堵塞渗滤液收集系统和排水管,加重了垃圾坝的承载负荷,给填埋场安全和管理带来困难。清理收集系统的费用极为昂贵。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  - 填埋资源有限,必然导致填埋成本的上升;<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><STRONG><FONT color=#0000cc><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">24. </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">污泥填埋是否有含水量和有机质含量的限制?</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">  考虑到污泥是一种资源,一些国家开始限制污泥的直接填埋,填埋成本的上升,引发了人们深度处理污泥、减量和资源化的市场需求。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  这些拟议中的限制包括:<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  - 污泥填埋的含水率必须小于<SPAN lang=EN-US>40</SPAN>%;<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  - 有机质含量低于<SPAN lang=EN-US>30</SPAN>%;<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><STRONG><FONT color=#0000cc><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">25. </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">污泥综合利用的出路还有哪些?</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">  除了土地利用、焚烧、填埋以外,污泥最终处置的资源化利用方案还在不断尝试中。其中包括:<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  - 干化后制造水泥;<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  - 干化后制砖;<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  - 干化后铺路;<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  - 干化后作为填埋场的覆土;<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  - 半干化后催化裂解制造燃油;<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><STRONG><FONT color=#0000cc><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">26. </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">我国对污泥处置的政策是什么?</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">  根据现行的《城市污水处理及污染防治技术政策》:<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  <SPAN lang=EN-US>5</SPAN>、污泥处理<SPAN lang=EN-US> <BR></SPAN>  <SPAN lang=EN-US>5.1</SPAN>、城市污水处理产生的污泥,应采用厌氧、好氧和堆肥等方法进行稳定化处理。也可采用卫生填埋方法予以妥善处置。<SPAN lang=EN-US> <BR></SPAN>  <SPAN lang=EN-US>5.2</SPAN>、日处理能力在<SPAN lang=EN-US>10</SPAN>万立方米以上的污水二级处理设施产生的污泥,宜采取厌氧消化工艺进行处理,产生的沼气应综合利用。日处理能力在<SPAN lang=EN-US>10</SPAN>万立方米以下的污水处理设施产生的污泥,可进行堆肥处理和综合利用。 采用延时曝气的氧化沟法,<SPAN lang=EN-US>SBR</SPAN>法等技术的污水处理设施,污泥需达到稳定化。采用物化一级强化处理的污水处理设施,产生的污泥须进行妥善的处理和处置。<SPAN lang=EN-US> <BR>5.3</SPAN>、经过处理后的污泥,达到稳定和无害化要求的,可农田利用;不能农田利用的污泥,应按有关标准和要求进行卫生填埋处置。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  据悉,新的政策法规正在积极制订中。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><STRONG><FONT color=#0000cc><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">27. </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">国际上污泥处理的主要趋势是怎样的?</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">  各国根据其地理环境和土地资源状况,制订有不同的方针。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  日本由于土地极为狭小,采取全部焚烧的策略,这种不惜代价的焚烧,是其经济发达程度可以承受的。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  欧共体将污泥解释为一种资源,因此其导引要求各国从资源利用的角度去鼓励农用,限制填埋,鼓励一切形式的能源利用。各国根据自身的地理条件,采取的政策多有不同。德国多采取干化、半干化后焚烧,使用大量森林垃圾等作为补充能源。意大利旅游资源极为重要,限制焚烧,鼓励减量,因此多为干化后填埋或做建材。法国、西班牙都在积极推行干化减量和鼓励农用的政策。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  总之,污泥减量的必要性是其中的主要经济因素,干化则是主要的技术手段和趋势。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><STRONG><FONT color=#0000cc><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">28.</FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">目前我国解决污泥问题的难度在哪里?</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">  我国污泥的问题只在近期才显得突出起来,其中主要的难度在于:<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  - 立法:关于污泥的立法明显滞后,对污泥的生产者来说,尚没有切实的紧迫感;<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  - 处置资源的有价化,由于污水厂、填埋场的所有者和经营者常常是同一个主体(国有),无法反映市场规律;<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  - 环保政策事实上的<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>一刀切<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>(如禁止用煤,不论是否排放达标),导致处理成本急遽上升,使得干化项目的处理成本极为昂贵;<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  - 经营机制和管理机制的分离、企业化运作模式的完善尚需时日;<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><STRONG><FONT color=#0000cc><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">29. </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">污泥减量处理方式有哪些?</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">  最有效的减量方式是热干化,可以将含水率从<SPAN lang=EN-US>70</SPAN>%降到<SPAN lang=EN-US>10</SPAN>%以下。事实上,根据最终处置的需要,污泥最终含固率可以在<SPAN lang=EN-US>60</SPAN>%-<SPAN lang=EN-US>95</SPAN>%之间变化,此时,污泥的减量超过<SPAN lang=EN-US>60</SPAN>%,从成本上和安全性上更为合理。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  最廉价的减量方式是堆肥,利用污泥自身有机质的发酵产生的热量进行蒸发,可以将含水率从<SPAN lang=EN-US>70</SPAN>%以上降到<SPAN lang=EN-US>30</SPAN>%以下。但由于占地巨大和臭气处理难度,在效率上明显低于前者,对于大城市来说难以应用。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  最彻底的减量方式是焚烧,减量至原湿泥体积的<SPAN lang=EN-US>15</SPAN>%以下。但这也是最昂贵的处理方案,一般来说必须与热干化并行考虑。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><STRONG><FONT color=#0000cc><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">30. </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">为什么说污泥处置的资源有限?</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">  污泥处置的资源主要指填埋场和农用土地。其它有助于减量、以及协助实现处置目标的处理手段也都可以视为资源,包括焚烧炉、干化厂、堆肥厂等。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  对于任何国家来说,将城市周边的土地用于填埋,就是资源的损失。污泥这种物质显然不适合远途运输至无人的荒漠地带,在人口稠密地区,土地资源的永久废弃的经济价值问题已经突出地暴露出来。一些城市的填埋场因为种种原因已经开始拒收污泥,这就是一个信号。污泥可能占用的填埋场资源甚至比城市固体垃圾为多,关键在于其高含水率性质,使得填埋场资源的利用效率降低。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><STRONG><FONT color=#0000cc><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">31. </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">为什么污泥的处置必须收费?</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">  同等规模的处理能力,焚烧厂动辄投资数亿,干化厂数千万,堆肥厂也要上千万,连同运行成本(热能、电力、人员等),污泥的最终处置必然要产生一定的代价。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  污泥的无序处置<SPAN lang=EN-US>——</SPAN>弃置,是对市场规律的背离,也是对环境最大的破坏。如果要停止弃置,首先必须建立所有处置资源的合理收费制度。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><STRONG><FONT color=#0000cc><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">32. </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">污泥的处置成本都有哪些?</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">  典型的污泥处置可能产生以下成本:<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  - 填埋:浓缩-<SPAN lang=EN-US>&gt;</SPAN>脱水-<SPAN lang=EN-US>&gt;</SPAN>干化-<SPAN lang=EN-US>&gt;</SPAN>运输-<SPAN lang=EN-US>&gt;</SPAN>填埋费<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  - 焚烧:浓缩-<SPAN lang=EN-US>&gt;</SPAN>脱水-<SPAN lang=EN-US>&gt;</SPAN>干化-<SPAN lang=EN-US>&gt;</SPAN>运输-<SPAN lang=EN-US>&gt;</SPAN>焚烧费-<SPAN lang=EN-US>&gt;</SPAN>运输-<SPAN lang=EN-US>&gt;</SPAN>填埋费<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  - 堆肥:浓缩-<SPAN lang=EN-US>&gt;</SPAN>脱水-<SPAN lang=EN-US>&gt;</SPAN>运输-<SPAN lang=EN-US>&gt;</SPAN>堆肥-<SPAN lang=EN-US>&gt;</SPAN>运输<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  - 建材<SPAN lang=EN-US>(</SPAN>水泥、制砖等<SPAN lang=EN-US>)</SPAN>:浓缩-<SPAN lang=EN-US>&gt;</SPAN>脱水-<SPAN lang=EN-US>&gt;</SPAN>干化-<SPAN lang=EN-US>&gt;</SPAN>运输-<SPAN lang=EN-US>&gt;</SPAN>处理费<SPAN lang=EN-US>(</SPAN>或免费,以代替黄土<SPAN lang=EN-US>)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><STRONG><FONT color=#0000cc><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">33. </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">污泥的合理处置将在多大程度上影响污水处理费?</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">  由于污泥的处置涉及一系列的成本支出,而其合理处置的责任首先从污泥的生产者<SPAN lang=EN-US>——</SPAN>污水处理厂开始,因此,污水处理厂既有合理处置的责任,也有收取一定费用的权利。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  在已往的污水处理义务中,已经规定到污水处理厂必须完成到污泥的脱水。接下来的处置,主要有干化<SPAN lang=EN-US>/</SPAN>堆肥、运输、焚烧、填埋费等支出。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  根据地区、能源成本、最终处置资源的分布、处置方式的不同等多种因素,新增加的成本折算到每吨污水处理量上,可能在<SPAN lang=EN-US>0.15-0.30</SPAN>元之间<SPAN lang=EN-US>(</SPAN>天然气<SPAN lang=EN-US>)</SPAN>,采用废热和廉价能源,这个数字可望降低到<SPAN lang=EN-US>0.10</SPAN>元以下。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><STRONG><FONT color=#0000cc><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">34. </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">污泥处置方式的经济性如何?</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">  按处理和处置成本进行排队,同时考虑其全部处理过程符合最终处置的条件,从优排序如下:<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  - 农用,包括花卉<SPAN lang=EN-US>/</SPAN>绿化<SPAN lang=EN-US>/</SPAN>大田(堆肥或干化后制作有机肥出售)<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  - 热能利用,给焚烧炉或联合发电装置焚烧,灰渣填埋<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  - 建材,干化后用于烧制建筑材料,有机质被热能利用,无机质成为基材,可以部分代替黄土制砖<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  - 填埋,未加任何利用,干化减量后或未加处理直接填埋<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><STRONG><FONT color=#0000cc><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">35. </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">意大利的污泥怎么处理的?</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">  意大利的污泥主要处置目前还是填埋,但是其中有相当比例(超过<SPAN lang=EN-US>30</SPAN>%)经过了干化处理,实现了大规模减量。部分干化后的污泥用于建材,农用部分相对比例较小,焚烧为零。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  总的来看,意大利的环境政策倾向保守,其原因可能在于意大利先于其它欧洲国家,有过惨痛的环境灾难和教训(塞维索的二恶英污染事故),此外作为欧洲最重要的旅游资源地,每年有超过<SPAN lang=EN-US>3000</SPAN>万的各国游客来意大利度假,她同时也是世界上最主要的美食输出国,因此公众**对环境问题极为敏感。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><STRONG><FONT color=#0000cc><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36. </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tt1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">我国污泥处置的根本性条件有哪些?</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">  污泥处理和处置的第一要素是建立收费制度。环境属于所有的公民,公民有义务承担其保护和治理的义务。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  污泥的处置必须以立法形式公布和监督执行。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  无论废物的种类如何,其排放和处置根据各地区的经济发达状况,必须制订统一的标准<SPAN lang=EN-US>(</SPAN>重量<SPAN lang=EN-US>)</SPAN>收费,并将收费用于专项污染物的治理和处置。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>  完成环境治理的企业化进程,并将污染物治理的全部责权利按照市场竞争的原则进行分配,其法人必须承担污染物治理的全部经济和法律责任。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN>&nbsp;</P> [ ]查看更多 4个回答 . 5人已关注
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简介
职业:中化蓝天霍尼韦尔新材料有限公司 - 销售
学校:中国石油大学(华东)东营校区 - 化学化工学院
地区:四川省
个人简介:世界太小,到哪都能碰到无聊的人。查看更多
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